Themes and Symbols in Poes The Masque (Mask) of the Red Death Essay

Themes and Symbols in The Masque of the Red Death The literature of Edgar Allan Poe can either be viewed as extremely simple or incredibly complicated, and his ill-considered story The Masque of The Red Death is no exception. This story can either be viewed as a simple story of horror, with no deeper imbedded meanings, or it can be broken down into many symbols with several possible meanings. Perhaps this story tells of the struggle between man and death, mayhap it speaks of an authors struggles and dreams, or perhaps it was merely written as a tale of horror. Arguments can be made to support all of these oerall themes, and there are even more points of view offered about the story that can be explored if someone wishes to find a view with which he or she can better understand or identify. One possible theme of the story is that it is nothing more than the imaginings of a dreaming mind. According to Richard Wilbur, this is partially shown through the geometry contained in the sto ry. He states that, Poe quite explicitly identifies regular angular forms with everyday reason, and the circle, oval, or fluid arabesque with otherworldly imagination (269). If Poe used unusually shaped rooms to show dreams, and the supernatural, then with his description of the vii chambers being, so irregularly disposed that the vision embraced but little more than one at a time. There was a sharp patch at every twenty or thirty yards, and at each turn a novel effect (qtd. In Wilbur 269), it would appear as though either a dream is in progress, or something supernatural is taking place. In this interpretation of the story, Poe is taken quite literally in some ways, much(prenominal) as his terming the lords and ladies at the costume ball as being dr... ... to a reader personally, and give that person an opportunity to form an individual opinion over it. Works Cited Etienne, Louis. The American Storytellers-Edgar Allan Poe. Affidavits of Genius. Ed. Jean Alexander. Port Washingt on, N.Y. Kennikat Press, 1971. 134-139. Halliburton, David. Edgar Allan Poe A Phenomenological View. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1973. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Masque Of The Red Death. Bridges Literature across Cultures. Eds. Gilbert H. Muller and John A. Williams. novel York McGraw-Hill, 1994. 495-498. Wilbur, Richard. The House of Poe. The Recognition of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Eric W. Carlson. Ann Arbor The University of Michigan Press, 1966. 269-277. Womack, Martha. Edgar Allan Poes The Masque of the Red Death. The Poe Decoder. Online. Internet. 20 May 1998.

Privacy in work :: essays research papers

The Privacy of the individual is the most important right. It supports human dignity and other values such as forgivedom of association and freedom of speech. It has find one of the most important human rights of the modern age. Privacy is recognized around the world in various regions and cultures. Almost every country in the world includes a right of retirement in its constitution. Without privacy, the democratic system that we know would not exist. According to the Australian Privacy Charter A free and democratic society requires respect for the autonomy of individuals, and limits on the power of both state and private organizations to intrude on that autonomy.The government we have today maintains and organizes our society. The elements of insure are often viewed as violations of privacy. These elements are meant to protect us from irresponsible people and from hurting themselves. The laws that are in place still give privacy without invading personal lives or maybe they do invade in our lives? For close to people violating into their personal life doesnt mean anything but for other people its a huge problem.Privacy is only violated when people feel they are being violatedIf people feel commodious in their environment then privacy is not a worryPrivacy in the workplace is also becoming a problem. In American, more than and more employers are monitoring their workers at job. In fact, according to the American Management Association, nearly tree quarters of U.S. companies now electronically monitor employees in several ways. Your employer can monitor your Internet usage, what sites you visit, how often, and for how long, as with e-mail. Telephone can also be a threat. If you are on the phone at work, your head can listen in your voice mail is also subject to monitoring. Employers own the phone system, so they can generally monitor it as they implement well. Your boss can keep a record of the numbers you dial and how long you talk, and can listen to your voice mail messages, although there are some laws preventing companies from listening to employees personal calls.Furthermore Privacy can be divided into the following separate but related conceptsFirst of all we have the discipline Privacy or Data protection, which involves the establishment of rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as credit information, and medical and government records.The countenance one is the Bodily privacy, which concerns the protection of peoples physical selves against invasive procedures such as genetic tests, drug testing and cavity searches.

The Punishment of Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Punishment of Oedipus the King         At the end of Sophocles Oedipus Rex, Oedipus, king of Thebes, ends up banished forever from his kingdom. Additionally, Oedipus physically puts out his own eyes, for several reasons which will be discussed later. The question is Did Oedipus deserve his punishments? There are many factors that must be considered in answering this, including how Oedipus himself mat up about his situation. His blinding was as much symbolic as it was physical pain. After all factors have been considered, I think that however Oedipus banishment was the requirement punishment..         It is important to keep in mind the whole basic reasoning for Oedipus search for Laius killers he wished to put an end to a deadly plague, and that plague would only be stopped when said murderer is  killed, or driven from the land (pp 4-5). Thusly, when it is revealed that Oedipus himself murdered Laius, then banishment s eems to be the only option. Death, in my mind, is not well-grounded simply because of what it might do to the kingdoms people. still though it seems that Oedipus has not been a particularly good monarch, in fact his only major accomplishment seems to be killing the Sphinx all those years ago, having a king put to death could have serious repercussions on the rest of the kingdom. So in the end, the only representation to cure the plague and keep the kingdom stable seems to be the banishment of Oedipus. In this case, the question of whether or not he deserved to be punished seems irrelevant Oedipus only goal was to stop the plague and by leaving, he has accomplished that goal. Banishment was the only choice.         But what exactly was Oedipus being punished for? Even after re- reading the play, this still seems to be a gray area. Incest? Immoral, to be sure, but Oedipus was obviously ignorant to his actions, and to my knowledge, in Sophoclean times, th ere was no written law against it and therefore no punishment for it. Oedipus punishment may have been for killing Laius, but how could you punish someone for being a victim of fate? Greeks believed at the time of the plays writing that a mans life was woven by the 3 fates (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos) and that he was

Essay --

The Organizational Structure of NikeNike is the number one innovator in the world in athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories. This worldwide smart set operates in an extremely different organisational structure than otherwise companies, such as Reebok and Adidas. Nike operates tremendous marketing strategies and develops inventive designs to ginger up athletes around the world. This company is one of the largest suppliers in the world in athletic footwear and apparel, main producer of sports equipment, and making Nike the most valuable brand among sports companies. The labor for Nike is to join diversity and inclusion to encourage ideas and innovation. Around the world, this company is a popular brand. Organizational StructureNike is made up as a intercellular substance organizational structure, which consist of several specialists and some individuals tell to at a minimum of two managers. In the company, the staff informs to a crew of managers who dispatches the development report to the manager of the discussion section. Each product within the company includes of it is own section and has its own department who performs independently of the CEO. The managers and employees of Nike decide concerning design and manufacture while the department managers concentrate mainly on ethical issues. In addition, the managers are completely accountable for the employees. While operating a matrix structure, Nike makes choices and responds quicker than any other department. Unlike Nike, Microsoft uses a divisional structure because it offers various separations within the company that functions almost as their own separate entities. However, this does not mean that they do not collaborate on projects or cross reference with each other. The divisi... ...ials to make their products rather than using materials that carries hazardous materials. There widespread of products help expand the company all around the world, and inspire the world with gr eat performance and design. ConclusionNevertheless, Nike is an extremely diverse company with outstanding organizational structure, impressive marketing strategy, and advanced products. The organizational structure of the Nike Corporation helped them become a leading innovator for the world with creative apparels and shoes. Their intelligent marketing strategies assist them in advertising their products to source their customers and sell them. Their innovative product motivates customers with great performance footwear and quality designs to take on any obstacles. The Nike Corporation discovers various ways to improve their organizational structure to inspire the world.

Raisin in the Sun Essay -- Literary Analysis, Lorraine Hansberry

Lorraine Hansberry in her play, Raisin in the Sun, attempted to explain the feelings of the average African American Male in the 1940s. This persona, which is portrayed in the character Walter, had experience a severe feeling of depression and hopelessness. In order to understand this source of grievance, 1 must relate back to the keen Migration and the dreams it promised and the reasons why some African Americans sought-after(a) to move to the North. A desire to achieve freedom from racial in furtherices and poverty was the prime factor that encouraged Blacks to throw in the south. However, these dreams where soon crush as African American noticed that Northern whites had still maintained unequal segregation and where as stumbling block to Black advancement. The consequences of a dream deferred, as Langston Hughes c altogethered it, was dependency on others, alcohol addiction, as well as dysfunctional families.The Great Migration, which lasted from 1910 to 1930, was the first mass movement of African Americans from the southwesterly to the North. There was one main factor that led to new job opportunities which attracted many African Americans to industrialized cites in the North. The occurrence of World War I in atomic number 63 had increased U.S. factories and factory productions as European nations, involved in the war, depended on the fall in States to replenish their supplies. Likewise, the war decreased laborers in the United States as it cut the migration of many European immigrants to the U.S. as well as toke many citizens as soldiers which caused a massive vacancy in the work field. Philip Bonner, from the University of the Witwatersrand, explained this phenomena as he said, It was besides the outbreak of the first World War cutting off the flo... ...hol abuse worked as a catalyst to further ruin African Americans and destroyed their families. A black mark in America History was the persecution and discrimination of African Americans. The dreams of freedom from racial discrimination and hopes of attaining promising job opportunities were delusive and the Great Migration was just the relocation of Blacks to further segregation and racial injustices. Limitations of good paying jobs as well as excessive rent prices compelled most African Americans to abandon all hope of raising their financial and social status. Walter Younger was a true depiction of a defeated Black man who insatiate with his life sought redemption through consuming alcohol. Depression and lack of hope were the two ingredients that led to the failure of African American marriages and the conversion of pollyannaish men into vagabonds. Raisin in the Sun Essay -- Literary Analysis, Lorraine HansberryLorraine Hansberry in her play, Raisin in the Sun, attempted to explain the feelings of the average African American Male in the 1940s. This persona, which is portrayed in the character Walter, had experienced a severe feeling of depr ession and hopelessness. In order to understand this source of grievance, one must relate back to the Great Migration and the dreams it promised and the reasons why many African Americans sought to move to the North. A desire to achieve freedom from racial injustices and poverty was the prime factor that encouraged Blacks to abandon the south. However, these dreams where soon crushed as African American noticed that Northern whites had still maintained unequal segregation and where as stumbling block to Black advancement. The consequences of a dream deferred, as Langston Hughes called it, was dependency on others, alcohol addiction, as well as dysfunctional families.The Great Migration, which lasted from 1910 to 1930, was the first mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North. There was one main factor that led to new job opportunities which attracted many African Americans to industrialized cites in the North. The occurrence of World War I in Europe had increased U.S. factories and factory productions as European nations, involved in the war, depended on the United States to replenish their supplies. Likewise, the war decreased laborers in the United States as it abridged the migration of many European immigrants to the U.S. as well as toke many citizens as soldiers which caused a massive vacancy in the work field. Philip Bonner, from the University of the Witwatersrand, explained this phenomena as he said, It was only the outbreak of the first World War cutting off the flo... ...hol abuse worked as a catalyst to further ruin African Americans and destroyed their families. A black mark in America History was the persecution and discrimination of African Americans. The dreams of freedom from racial discrimination and hopes of attaining promising job opportunities were futile and the Great Migration was just the relocation of Blacks to further segregation and racial injustices. Limitations of good paying jobs as well as excessive rent prices compelled most African Americans to abandon all hope of raising their financial and social status. Walter Younger was a true depiction of a defeated Black man who unsatisfied with his life sought redemption through consuming alcohol. Depression and lack of hope were the two ingredients that led to the failure of African American marriages and the conversion of optimistic men into vagabonds.

Raisin in the Sun Essay -- Literary Analysis, Lorraine Hansberry

Lorraine Hansberry in her play, Raisin in the Sun, attempted to explain the feelings of the average African American antheral in the 1940s. This persona, which is portray in the character Walter, had experienced a severe feeling of depression and hopelessness. In order to understand this source of grievance, one must(prenominal) relate spur to the Great Migration and the dreams it promised and the reasons why servicemany African Americans sought to move to the North. A desire to achieve freedom from racial injustices and poverty was the inflorescence factor that encourage sombers to abandon the south. However, these dreams where soon crushed as African American noticed that Northern whites had still maintained unequal segregation and where as stumbling block to Black advancement. The consequences of a dream deferred, as Langston Hughes called it, was dependency on others, alcohol addiction, as well as dysfunctional families.The Great Migration, which lasted from 1910 to 1930, was the first sens movement of African Americans from the South to the North. There was one main factor that led to new course opportunities which attracted many African Americans to industrialized cites in the North. The fact of World contend I in Europe had increased U.S. factories and factory productions as European nations, involved in the struggle, depended on the United States to replenish their supplies. Likewise, the war decreased laborers in the United States as it abridged the migration of many European immigrants to the U.S. as well as toke many citizens as soldiers which caused a massive emptiness in the lap field. Philip Bonner, from the University of the Witwatersrand, explained this phenomena as he said, It was only the outbreak of the first World War cutting off the flo... ...hol abuse worked as a particle accelerator to further persecute African Americans and destroyed their families. A black mark in America History was the persecution and disagreement of African Americans. The dreams of freedom from racial discrimination and hopes of attaining promising job opportunities were futile and the Great Migration was just the relocation of Blacks to further segregation and racial injustices. Limitations of good paying jobs as well as extravagant rent prices compelled to the highest degree African Americans to abandon all hope of raising their financial and social status. Walter Younger was a true depiction of a defeated Black man who unsatisfied with his life sought redemption through consuming alcohol. Depression and lack of hope were the two ingredients that led to the failure of African American marriages and the conversion of optimistic men into vagabonds. Raisin in the Sun Essay -- Literary Analysis, Lorraine HansberryLorraine Hansberry in her play, Raisin in the Sun, attempted to explain the feelings of the average African American Male in the 1940s. This persona, which is portrayed in the character Walt er, had experienced a severe feeling of depression and hopelessness. In order to understand this source of grievance, one must relate back to the Great Migration and the dreams it promised and the reasons why many African Americans sought to move to the North. A desire to achieve freedom from racial injustices and poverty was the prime factor that encouraged Blacks to abandon the south. However, these dreams where soon crushed as African American noticed that Northern whites had still maintained unequal segregation and where as stumbling block to Black advancement. The consequences of a dream deferred, as Langston Hughes called it, was dependency on others, alcohol addiction, as well as dysfunctional families.The Great Migration, which lasted from 1910 to 1930, was the first mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North. There was one main factor that led to new job opportunities which attracted many African Americans to industrialized cites in the North. The occurr ence of World War I in Europe had increased U.S. factories and factory productions as European nations, involved in the war, depended on the United States to replenish their supplies. Likewise, the war decreased laborers in the United States as it abridged the migration of many European immigrants to the U.S. as well as toke many citizens as soldiers which caused a massive vacancy in the work field. Philip Bonner, from the University of the Witwatersrand, explained this phenomena as he said, It was only the outbreak of the first World War cutting off the flo... ...hol abuse worked as a catalyst to further ruin African Americans and destroyed their families. A black mark in America History was the persecution and discrimination of African Americans. The dreams of freedom from racial discrimination and hopes of attaining promising job opportunities were futile and the Great Migration was just the relocation of Blacks to further segregation and racial injustices. Limitations of good paying jobs as well as excessive rent prices compelled most African Americans to abandon all hope of raising their financial and social status. Walter Younger was a true depiction of a defeated Black man who unsatisfied with his life sought redemption through consuming alcohol. Depression and lack of hope were the two ingredients that led to the failure of African American marriages and the conversion of optimistic men into vagabonds.

Personal protective equipment Essay

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTHazards exist in every bole of work in many different forms sharp edges, falling objects, flying sparks, chemicals, noise and a myriad of other potentially dangerous situations.Controlling a affect at its source is the best way to treasure employees. Depending on the hazard or work conditions, the use of engineering or work practice controls to eff or eliminate hazards to the greatest extent possible.When work practice and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide able guard, employers must provide personal evasive equipment (PPE) to their employees and ensure its use. Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearers body from injury and other hazards.The Requirement for PPETo ensure the greatest possible defense for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a caoutchouc and healthful work environment. In general, employers are responsible for Performing a hazard assessment of the workplace to identify and control animal(prenominal) and health hazards. Identifying and providing charm PPE for employees. Training employees in the use and care of the PPE.Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE. Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.Employees should Properly wear PPE, Attend educate sessions on PPE, Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.The hazard assessment should survey of the installment to develop a list of potential hazards in the following prefatory hazard categories Impact, Penetration, Compression (roll-over), Chemical, Heat/cold, Harmful form, Light (optical) radiation, and Biologic.In addition to noting the basic layout of the facility and reviewing any history of occupational illnesses or injuries, things to look for during the survey include Sources of electricity. Sources of motion such(prenominal) as machines or processes where movement may exist that could result in an impact between personnel and equipment. Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injuries or fire. Types of chemicals used in the workplace. Sources of harmful dusts. Sources of light radiation, such as welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, wake up treating, high intensity lights, etc. The potential for falling or dropping objects. Sharp objects that could poke, cut, stab or puncture. Biologic hazards such as blood or other potentially infected material.Some of the most common types of eye and face protectioninclude the following Safety spectacles. These protective eyeglasses have safety frames constructed of metal or plastic and impact-resistant lenses. Side shields are acquirable on some models. Goggles. These are tight- panoramating eye protection that completely cover t he eyes, eye sockets and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes and provide protection from impact, dust and splashes. Some goggles will fit over corrective lenses. Welding shields.Constructed of vulcanized fiber or fiberglass and fitted with afiltered lens, welding shields protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light they also protect both the eyes and face from flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering and cutting operations. optical maser safety goggles. These specialty goggles protect against intense concentrations of light produced by lasers. The type of laser safety goggles an employer chooses will depend upon the equipment and operating conditions in the workplace. Face shields. These transparent sheets of plastic extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and across the entire width of the employees head.There are many types of hard hats available in the marketplace today. In addition to selectin g protective headgear that meets standard requirements, employers should ensure that employees wear hard hats that provide appropriate protection against potential workplace hazards. It is important for employers to understand all potential hazards when making this selection, including electrical hazards. This can be done through a comprehensive hazard analysis and an sentience of the different types of protective headgear available. categorise A hard hats provide impact and acuteness resistance along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200 volts). Class B hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying/falling objects. Class C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protection but offer no protection from electrical hazards. Leggings protect the lower legs and feet from heat hazards such as molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps allow leggings to be removed readily Metatarsal guards protect the instep area from impact and compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic, these guards may be strapped to the outside of plaza. Toe guards fit over the toes of regular shoes to protect the toes from impact and compression hazards. They may be made of steel, aluminum or plastic. Combination foot and shin guards protect the lower legs and feet, and may be used in combination with toe guards when greater protection is needed. Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes andheat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing, paving material and hot metal industries.The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from w orkplace electrical hazards. Leather gloves protect against sparks, moderate heat, blows, chips and rough objects. Aluminized gloves provide reflective and insulating protection against heat and require an insert made of synthetic materials to protect against heat and cold. Aramid fiber gloves protect against heat and cold, and abrasive-resistant. Synthetic gloves of various materials offer protection against heat and cold, cut and abrasive-resistant and may withstand some diluted acids. These materials do not stand up against alkalis and solvents. antifertility clothing comes in a variety of materials, from each one effective against particular hazards, such as Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and splashes. Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and protects against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating surfaces. Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts a nd bruises when use heavy, sharp or rough materials Leather is often used to protect against dry heat and flames. Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain chemicals and physical hazards. When chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to ensure that the material selected will provide protection against the specific hazard.Some types of hearing protection include Single-use earplugs are made of waxed cotton, foam, silicone rubber or fiberglass wool. They are self-forming and, when properly inserted, they work as well as most molded earplugs. Pre-formed or molded earplugs must be individually fitted by a professional and can be disposable or reusable. Reusable plugs should be cleaned after each use. Earmuffs require a perfect seal around the ear. Glasses, facial hair, long hair or facialmovements such as chewing may take down the protective value of earmuffs.

Indicator and Determinants of High Blood Pressure Essay

This paper implements the indications and determinants of high wrinkle pressure in men. Many studies have measure the effect of Hypertension among men of different social and socio-economic backgrounds. Socioeconomic is one major determinant which influences high blood pressure in men. High blood pressure is a major illness in the human population, especially among men. High blood is normally called a silent killer due to the fact that there little to no symptoms. Fifty to lviii million people suffer from hypertension with the increasing population being African Americans (John, n. . ).Steven was a 55 year old African American virile that came into the hospital with complaints of a severe headache. Patients had no prior history of hypertension but blood pressure was taken with the result of 180/101. Patient narrates that he has a family history of cardiovascular diseases. Mother and Father suffered from hypertension as a result of obesity. Steven has worked for the United States Postal Service for 30 years and is low a lot of stress due to work. He is a chronic smoker and drink on occasions.The first medical professional that saw Steven was the ER doctor who cared for the patient and in returned referred Steven for follow up care with his PCP (Primary Care Physician). Before Steven saw his PCP the ER (Emergency Room) Doctor prescribes him Amlodipine 10mg 2 xs daily. The group that delivered care for Stevens hypertension was as follow * Dr. Ogalvie- PCP (Primary Care Physician) -Which his role is to, determines the best care for Steven and his hypertension. Provide a manage care program and to make use of specialists and make referral that co- inside with Steven treatments.Nancy Bracey-Nurse Practitioner- The role of the Nurse Practitioner is to work as support to the Doctor when he is unable to make patients battle or if he is in an emergency surgery. The Nurse Practitioner sometime plays a vital role in Steven treatments. She is able to help in Steven treatment, which includes monastic order tests, conducting physicals, and ordering medicines. * Beth Anderson- RN- Registered nurses treat and educate patients in a clinical setting, keeping records of medical histories and performing diagnostics.Most RN work with patients and their families to teach them how to manage cardiovascular disease, educate them on fastary and other measures of minimizing heart risk and help patients with postoperative rehabilitation. * Lisa Coleman Dietitian- The primary role of a Dietitian is to promote healthy and holistic healthcare. Steven dietitian educating him on good healthy eating habits. She also explained to him that exercising most important in keeping his blood pressure down. She also gift him on a 1200 calorie diet to follow as part of his managed care plan.Data has shown and been a proven fact that hypertension is very universal in men, especially African American men. Many indicators can relate to hypertension such as socioeconomic s tatuses like where one live, employed or unemployed or a family base support system can all be factors. In Steven cutting some of the indicator were glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and obesity (SABPA, (2012). All of these symptoms can be a target for organ damage.Steven also deals with anthropometric indicators which according to Rahimi, (2012) The partial correlation coefficient was used to quantify the association amid all anthropometric indicators with hypertension. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the influence of all anthropometric indicators on the variance of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Rahimi, (2012) states Adult male population of Fars province had a high prevalence of hypertension, overweight and obesity which can be handled through healthy diet and physical exercises.Steven dietitian stresses the important of holistic healthcare such as healthy eating habits and exercising on a regular basis. Other ind icator was the problems of inner dysfunction that Steven suffered in his marriage. Steven stated that he was unable to perform with his wife due to the high blood pressure medicine that he was taken. Rahimi, (2012) state Thus sex, education, and for the most part, race were not independently associated with a failure to be aware or to enter treatment.Rahimi, (2012) says Sex and the number of antihypertensive drug days were independently associated with blood pressure control. According to Steven physician Steven was also typeset on an enhancement drug to help with sexual dysfunction. According to Rahimi, (2012) Vigorous public efforts led by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program and embraced by physicians groups and the pharmaceutical industry has steady improved blood pressure outcomes in the past 20 years.Rahimi, (2012) To this point, however, overall increases in control have largely been driven by increases in awareness and entry into treatment among people with h ypertension. Rahimi, (2012) Despite great technical advances, specifically the development of a wide range of new antihypertensive drugs and drug classes the process of care available in the community has not changed to any great extent and treatment itself remains highly inefficient.Rahimi, (2012) As an asymptomatic, chronic illness, hypertension does not pose a problem of diagnosis or cure, but rather the challenge of daily vigilance and ongoing lading to treatment. Rahimi, (2012) For most people such as Steven with high blood pressure periodical visits to the physicians office simply do not produce the desired outcome. As a result of data Steven were treated and educated on manage control through medication, diet and exercise. The disparities of socioeconomic are due to his poor health outcome.The key to controlled hypertension is patient follow-up, a managed care plan and patient education. In Steven treatment plan the adjoin of the team base hail is to effectively promote a managed care plan that is efficient in regulating Steven hypertension. The main key is to educate Steven on a post treatment plan and follow-ups care. One analysis of Steven resource and saving would be that Steven partake in his company wellness program which in returned lead save and give him an incentive on his current insurance plan.Lastly the advantage of a team base approach in Steven case would be that each individual on Steven medical team would strategically come up with alternative plans of action and a plan of care that will effectively help in the treatment of Steven hypertension. Each medical professional on Steven team will play an active role in the choice of care for Steven. Again the key component is to stabilize Steven high blood pressure through healthy eating habits and exercise. The scope of team base approach is logically come up with a solution in helping Steven sustain life through longevity of the hypertensive care plan that is put in place

Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank

Muhammad Yunus and Grameen depository financial institution were honoured the Nobel Peace Prize for 2006 for their efforts in creating economic and social development for the masses below.The Chairman of the Nobel Committee tell in his prize announcement speech that poverty is reduced if large groups of volume work towards it, and microfinance is one such method. Muhammad Yunus is one person who had the leadership and the imagery and took an initiative to translated those visions into practical action, and benefitted people in Bangladesh and other countries. He established the idea to give loans to poor people who had no financial security. Muhammad Yunus was given the award because he established a model for many other organizations to follow.He had the vision that incessantlyy man, no matter how poor, has some talent within him that he post pursue for his own economic uplift. This is especially true for the women in the society who deserve to get an equal opportunity to men to acquire the necessary finances to pursue their talents. Microcredit is one of the methods that Muhammad Yunus thought could help in the erosion of poverty from the creation. (Cozyinhel, 2006)Muhammad Yunus gave a speech about the microfinance revolution. In this video, he talks about how he came up with the idea of microfinance. He explained how when Bangladesh was formed, it faced a lot of problems, economy was sliding down and famines struck too. He was an economics teacher at that clock and he felt terrible for not being able to use all that he teaches to help the people of his country. He wanted to remove people from this frustration and agony and the one thing that caught his attention most was the ruthlessness of the money loaners in a small closure.He researched into how many people in the village actually went to these money put upers for money and found out how less they borrowed. He realized how entrenched the money appending system was in the roots and this lead him to the solution that he came up with. He thought that if he gives the mere amount of money to people from his own pocket, they can return that to the money lender and they will be free. So the basic idea he had in mind was to free the people from the money lenders.He did this initially as a onetime(prenominal) action and later wanted to expand this into a systematic system. He then thought of an idea to go to a bank and ask them to lend that amount to the villagers, which blatantly refused to lend money to the poor people because they were not credit worthy. He then convinced them to allow him to be the guarantor and lend money to the poor.This was agreed upon and he kept growing this system. He is of the opinion that during the entire process, all he did was to struggle against mindsets (Calit2ube, 2007).He was also of the opinion that banking system was unfair because it excluded the poor and the women, so he decided to put his maximum focus on lending money to the women. A gain at this point, he faced a struggle of mindset because women themselves were scared and unwilling to take the money and use it to create something. But he said that this was not the voice of the woman that the voice of fear and if worked upon patiently, these fears can be removed. Ultimately, they started lending to women and the impact on the families was much stronger than lending to men.Keeping this in mind, Grameen Bank thus started lending 97% to women plainly Grameen Bank was owned by these poor women, who were the shareholders and on the Board of Directors, and it worked for the poor women too. Grameen Bank went to the poor, the women and the rurals. They worked on the philosophy, The less you have, the more attractive a borrower you are for the Bank (Calit2ube, 2007).He thus started a system that was then established all over the world. Muhammad Yunus is of the opinion that poverty is not created by the poor people, it is created by the system, by our mindsets and by o ur institutions. Microfinance enabled people to change their lives, it gave a mere 15$ to enable people to move away from a begging position to a dignified position.In an wonder with Charlie Rose, Muhammad Yunus said that the system was to give money to poor people without collateral and a guarantee. The existing financial system served to only top one terzetto people who have a huge amount of money and lent money to those who had money to give you collateral.They decided to give money to those who have no money to start with. It worked so well and expanded all over the world because there always was a crying need for it and nobody had ever paid attention to it (Rose, 2007). He has a strong conviction that such a system if grown exponentially can eradicate poverty from this world because poverty is artificially sown in the society and once that seed is removed, it can be eliminated.

Existentialism is Humanism Essay

The assumption by Sartre that founding precedes essence takes back the traditional thinking of philosophers about essence and existence. In general they thought that essence precedes existence in certain ways. Sartre posits that they are right to some extent. When he observes that Existence precedes essence he does not imagine that this is always the showcase, but rather that sometimes it is so. This can be explained using his example in the essay about the paper knife.In this case of the paper knife, Sartre argues that essence precedes existence, that is to say the sum of the procedures and the qualities which made its production and its definition possible precedes its existence (Sartre 1946). Essence is the expression created when something is foundn a definition. Essence sets the limits of an object and provides the basic properties of a thing that is what it has or what it doesnt have in order to serve its purpose of existence. In this case, essence precedes existence in the logical system that before a designer bring aboutd the knife there was some course of study for it that existed in his or her mind.This intention is the essence (Sartre 1943). Therefore when Sartre says that essence precedes existence in this case he is simply recognizing the fact that the knife was premeditated first and later on it was produced. This doer the plan to produce the knife was there first and later it was produced following that plan. From this example it is easy to track d give birth the general principle that Sartre is trying to bring out. First for all soldieryufactured objects or articles, essence precedes existence.Since God lives and as he is thought to be the creator of the whole world then it follows that the whole world and everything in it can be assumed to be an artifact. God was the master planner and He created everything according to His plan. God, when He creates man he uses the same procedure just as the manufacture of the paper knife since wh en he creates he knows what he is creating. The idea of God was suppressed in the 18th century but the idea of essence antecede existence was universally accepted in the philosophies of Diderot, Voltaire and Kant.Sartre observes that In Kant, this universality goes so far that the wild man of the woods, man in the state of nature and the cautious are all contained in the same definition and have the same fundamental qualities. Here again, the essence of man precedes that historic existence which we confront in experience (Sartre 1946). From this analysis we get to the next step. If God lives this convey essence comes first for everything that is in world. There is a traditional explanation of this divine plan generally referred to as Providence in theological circles.It refers to the plan that God worked in advance before he created the universe and sympatheticity. But this plan is not just for the whole because He has also premeditated all the details since he is an all knowing God. This means we do not have the human nature in general to set boundaries on what we can do or what we cannot do. In addition there is also a divine plan for single(a)s. For example Socrates has his own essence that confines him within the universal plan of human nature (Zunjic 2010).Being an atheist, Sartre observes that if God does not exists then there is one be whose existence comes before its essence and that is man or human reality as Heidegger puts it. When he says existence precedes essence Sartre provide the meaning by saying that this means that man first exists, he encounters himself, goes into the world and later on discovers or defines himself. When the man is not definable as the existentialist sees him it is because to incite with, man is nothing (Sartre 1946).Man will not be anything until some times later and then he will be what he makes himself to be at the end. In other words man is responsible for his actions if existence preceded essence. Therefore exi stentialism puts place every responsibility for his existence on his shoulders. This means man is not only responsible for himself but also for all men (Sartre 1946). Sartre observation that deal must create themselves and give themselves meaning meant that mountain have to protect themselves instead of calling on God to intervene on their behalf.He saw people as the ones responsible for their politics and individual lives. He refused the notion that the devil was responsible for individual acts or the explanation that one was following God. He also did no accept the excuse of being only human or unloved by ones parents. It was not an excuse to follow the crowd for Sartre. He believed that people create their own moral set through the choices that they make in life. The people are the ones responsible for drawing their plans as to what they will or will not do (Sartre 1943).The philosophers of the traditional forms of humanism thought they could keep this idea of a kind of prior nature without having God in mind. They had in mind an atheist view of nature as well as the notion of an ordered universe where things happened in a predetermined and ordered manner. According to Sartre they were all wrong. This is because if essence precedes existence in general, that is ,if the laws that sets the limits of what things are and what they are able to have been established and determined before the things came into existence, then where would they exist?(Zunjic 2010). These philosophers have connected the concept of existence and essence in such(prenominal) a manner that existence signifies the instantiation of essence. If essence describes what a thing is and existence that it is then it follows that what is reasonable about any particular object and what can be thought about it will fit in its essence. Its from this kind of thinking that traditional philosophy drew its description for ones way of life. To them having essence meant that people could be placed within the universe that provided the ability for the human development.But Descartes disagreed with this type of thinking preferring a radical first person reflection of his own version of existence the I am. Nevertheless he later on modified the old model by incorporating his existence as that of a substance determined by an essential property thinking. Thus the idea of reality according to Sartre is similar to that of Descartes, I am, I exists, therefore I am I am because I think, why do I think? I dont want to think any more I am because I think that I dont want to be. (Existentialism Is Humanism. 2010).In summary when Sartre says that existence precede essence he means that man first exists, he encounters himself, goes into the world and later on discovers or defines himself. When the man is not definable as the existentialist sees him it is because to start with, man is nothing. He will not be anything until some times later and then he will be what he makes himself to be at the e nd. Traditional views give priority to essence and high values for its features whereas Sartre gives priority to existence with its positive reevaluation of its contingency and temporality.With this reversed view Sartre believed we can give full tribute to man and his self creative capabilities. References Existentialism Is Humanism. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/198165/Existentialism-Is-a-Humanism Sartre J. P. (1946), The Humanism of Existentialism. capital of the United Kingdom World Publishing Company Sartre (1943) Being and Nothingness. London World Publishing Company Zunjic Bob (2010). The Humanism of Existentialism. Retrieved May 17, 201017th, ,from http//www. uri. edu/personal/szunjic/philos/human. htm

Joint Venture in China Essay

IN mainland China INTRODUCTION XYZ Limited deals in the render and sale of various food products as well as other home products. Owing to sound attention practices the company has made a breakthrough, manufacturing and selling a wide range of noble quality products. Because it wants to capture a wide market, it has decided to enter into a occasion venture in China. This has associated opportunities and threats. uninflected EXAMINATION OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE WITH THE VENTURE 1) SYNERGESTIC EFFECTS Obviously the control stick venture option would result in synergy.The end result would be enhanced fruit since the two companies shall have pooled their resources together. These are machines and man power (expertise). The resultant production would surpass the individual production capacities of the two spliff ventures.2) WIDENED INTERNATIONAL MARKET The joint venture would enable XYZ to acquire additional markets for its products across the Asian countries. While operating (a) alone, XYZ could only sell its products within Europe. But with the joint venture in China, and with a well co-ordinated marketing for their products, they are similarly to capture a wider international market.3) HIGH QUALITY PRODUCTS Chinese opening moves are well enjoyn for their high quality products. This is owed to the possession of and continual innovation of stark naked technologies and new ways of doing things. They also have enviable workforces who are renowned of their expertise in the manufacturing sector. The Chinese enterprises are companies which practice total quality management as their key strategies. This is a management technique that dwells in improving the needs of the customers. It also aims at ensuring that every member of the organization fully participates in the affairs of the organization.The joint venture enables all and sundry to recognize the fact that quality is inevitable as an ingredient to success. Total Quality Management leads to the gener ation of policies that are of high quality and also the effective dissemination of such(prenominal) policies to every member of the organization.4) profession LOCATION The location of the joint venturer i. e. at the central of the globe would also be a very good opportunity for XYZ Company Limited. This would arrive the two companies operate from a central point with the advantage being that one of enhancing the marketability of their products.5) PUBLIC EXPECTATION The public associates a joint venture as a step geared towards satisfying their needs more effectively. This is due to pooled resources including manpower. 6) DIVERSIFICATION The other opportunity inherent in the small enterprises joint venture in China is that of diversification. They would be able to produce a wide range of products owing to vast resources.7) FINANCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE CHINA VENTURER The small enterprise (European) has the opportunity with entering into a joint venture with a pecuniaryly sound Chine se enterprise.The effect of the financial soundness of the Chinese enterprise on the small European enterprise is that the joint venture as a whole provide non suffer from financial constraints. With a strong financial background, they will be able to even open up new branches and initiate new viable projects. In the class ended 31st December 2006, the Chinese company made a profit $ 700 million after valuees. The venture is also likely to benefit the shareholders as the dividend per share is likely to increase.THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VENTURE.1) LOCAL LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE A problem will arise when formulating policies, implementing the policies and evaluation as a result of differential in languages. Whereas the staff and management of the small European Enterprise recognize the English language as the official spoken language, the Chinese company does non. The staff and management of the venture in China can only effectively communicate in Chinese. This would greatly hinder effective communication that is essential in finale making and policy formulation.2) DILUTION OF CONTROL.Shareholders of XYZ Limited would be faced with this threat of dilution of their control. After the joint venture exercise they may not continue enjoying some if not all of their powers and rights. This is as a result of the joining of the other shareholders of the Chinese venturer in the entity. 3) COMBATING COMPETITORS Competitors of both the European small enterprise and of the Chinese enterprise would definitely react to the intended joint venture of the two companies. And they would do everything to ensure that they have countered the stiff competition that is likely to come out of the venture.The tinct companies would improve the quality of their products as well as improving on creativity and innovation. This will pose a great challenge / threat on the European country because they will have to work on improving on their products in addition to being more innovative to avert such competition from rival companies.GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION /LEGISLATIONS Government intervention can be a real threat to the joint venture. These can be in the form of ultimatums from either the European Union or from China itself. The legislations can also be in the form of changes in tax laws which may not favour the intended joint venture.4) INADEQUATE EVALUATION OF THE CHINESE COMPANY The small European country has not evaluated the Chinese company to see if it is expenditure entering into a joint venture with it. Evaluation can be in the form of trend and industrial analysis, taking note on gainfulness trends, changes in turnover over the years, dividend payments, the companys earning per share. They have not also evaluated the Chinese company on its level of activities using such action mechanism ratios as stock turnover ratio to determine how the company changes finished goods to sales.Other relevant ratios would be creditors turnover, fixed assets turnover. The other very pregnant evaluation that they have not carried out on the Chinese company is to establish how geared the company is. If the company is highly geared i. e. it has more of borrowed great(p) than owners capital in it capital structure it runs the risk of being insolvent any time which would ultimately affect the European Enterprise. The European enterprise has also not established the real reputation of the Chinese company in the capital market.They need to do this through an evaluation of its worth earnings ration visa-vis that of other companies in the capital market who intend to invest in the company. ACCOUNTING PROBLEMS A serious problem is going to be encountered in the preparation of the final accounts as a result of the joint venture. The accounting staff of the European enterprise must change /adjust to the new approach of preparing their accounts. The accounts must be prepared in accordance with the international Accounting standards on the treatment of a joint venture.In a joint venture, every transaction is recorded on a 50- 50 basis. Even the minority interest on each of the companys operation will be based n the stake of every venturer in the joint venture i. e. 50%. b) The world-wide Environment of Business enables one to know the culture in the environment that the pedigree is operating in. the idea of IEB here is to bring to the awareness of the companies, the cultural environment and how this will affect their business. Cultural factors like religion will greatly influence demand of products.As some products may be liked by other religious groups, they may be an abomination across other religious groupings. A wider international market can be an opportunity to XYZ Ltd but owing to IEM models which stipulate in changes in the political and social economical changes of the Business Environment, the widened international market may not be a reality. sparingally, the joint venture may be operating in a relatively high inflation eco nomies which might stagnate profitability. There is also likely to be a change in the tax laws of the foreign country and XYZ Ltd will have to experience such changes.Other economic changes that the two companies would be influenced by IEB are economic growth and employment. Economic growth has an influence on the demand for products whereas employment influences the supply of labour. The International Environment of Business also focuses on the Technological environment. Technology is a oppugn of inventions and new techniques in processes, tools and machines. According to the IEB models, engine room is an important area that need not be overlooked as it enhances efficiency through a reduction of the production costs, selling and marketing costs as well as administration costs.The joint venture must also emphasize on technology if they have to conquer the opportunity of high quality production that will satisfy customer demands. Technology would also provide better services to th eir customers. The International Environment of Business again focuses on the need of businesses to practice business ethics within the environments they are operating. Ethics commands that the business entities employ fair advertising and marketing practices, adherence to the laws are regulations governing a certain foreign nation and the observance and maintenance of high standards of conduct and integrity.Much as the joint venture will be enjoying the centrality of their business location and a sound marketing network, they have to put into contemplation the essence of practicing ethics in their domicile of operation. In conclusion therefore, the management of both companies would have to review their opportunities as well as threats and establish how the International Environment of Business models /ideas would affect their business operations. References Brandenburger, A. M. and Nalebuff, B. J. (1995)The Right Game character Game Theory to Shape Strategy, Harvard Business R eview, July-August, pp.57-71 Coyne, K. P. and Subramaniam, S. (1996) Bringing discipline to strategy, the McKinsey Quarterly, No. 4 Gordon, I. (1989) Beat the Competition How to Use Competitive Intelligence to Develop Winning Business Strategies Oxford, Basil Blackwell Publishers Hunger, J. David & Wheelen, Thomas L. (2003) Essentials of Strategic Management. New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc Kotter, J. P. (1996) Leading Change London Harvard Business prepare Press McGahan, A. (2004) How Industries Evolve Principles for Achieving and Sustaining.Superior Performance, Boston, Harvard Business School Press Menon, A. and Menon, A. (1997) Enviropreneurial marketing strategy the emergence of corporate environmentalism as marketing strategy Journal of Marketing. Vol. 61, pg. 51 67 Porter, M. (1980)Competitive Strategy New York, The Free Press. Porter, M. (1998) Competitive Advantage (with a new introduction) New York, The Free Press. Peteraf, A. (1993) The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage-A Resource-Based View in Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 179-191.

Research Problem Statement

INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SMOKING CAMPAIGNERS THREATENING THE FUTURE OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN MALAWI. Tobacco is Malawis green gold. Tobacco earns about 60% of Malawis forex thereby qualifying to be the major contributor to Malawis economy. For the past fewer years, the tobacco marketing season has been characterized by high rejection rates at the auction floors, a great number of bales returning with no sales, and low bonnie impairments.The 2011 tobacco marketing season proved to be the worst with burley average price falling by 41% from US$1. 90/kg in 2010 to US$1. 13/kg in 2011. The total average price on the auction floors was 33% lower as compared to the 2010 average price (US$1. 86/kg to US$1. 24/kg). International Tobacco Growers Association (ITGA) Tobacco Courier Quarterly Publication No. 52 December 2011 www. tobaccoleaf. org. Although the average price for all tobacco types improved in the 2012 marketing season from US$1. 4/kg in 2011 to US$2. 22/kg in 2012, the volumes of t he order dropped significantly from 208 million kgs in 2011 to 79. 6 million kgs in 2012 representing a drop of about 62%. TCC 2012 Tobacco Sales Summary. This could be as a result of the impact the poor prices had on tobacco farmers in the previous season and also the uncertainty surrounding the future of tobacco production collectible to international treaties like the World Health Organization Framework crowd on Tobacco Control (WHO-FTCT).In November, 2010, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) CoP4 through their Working Committees on various Articles of FCTC, approved in principle to regulate flavouring ingredients which they believe increases the attractiveness of tobacco products. The Conference also recommended the restriction or total banning of additives or flavourings used in the manufacturing of tobacco products. Internet Source www. tobaccoleaf. org. (21. 08. 2012).A number of other recommendations were also discussed which when adopted would mean doom for the tobacco industry. Malawi is one of the countries to be affected if WHO-FTCTs measures are adopted. Malawi should therefore lobby for international support in ensuring that recommendations and guidelines by the WHO-FCTC are not implemented without considering Malawis concerns since tobacco production remains the backbone of Malawis economy and a livelihoods for most Malawians in the rural areas.

A Case Study of Joint Venture Banks in Nepal Essay

Using the data set publish by correlative embark hopes in their annual reports, and NRB in its supervision annual reports, this motif examines the monetary wellness of joint venture asserts in the CAMEL framework. The wellness check up conducted on the basis of publicly available fiscal data concludes that the wellness of joint venture coasts is better than that of the early(a) technicalized-grade tills. In addition, the perusal of index fingers of variant components of CAMEL indicates that the financial health of joint venture banks argon non so strong to manage the possible large scale shocks to their balance sheet and their health is fair.THE HISTORY OF MODERN commercial banking industry dates back to 1937 A.D in which social class Nepal Bank Ltd. was in incorporated. Till 1984, financial empyrean was closed to private sector and inappropriate investors. HMG/Nepal started to liberalize the financial sector in the first half of the 1980s. besides it speeded up this process lone(prenominal) in early 1990s. Private sector rushed into the finance industries especially after the resto balancen of democracy in 1990. around of the commercial banks came into ope balancen during the decade of 1990s. Government of all countries laid-backly monitors and controls the finance industry even in the liberalized market economy. Government does so cod to its mellowed gravity in the national economy, and to build up the confidence of private sector in its financial clay.Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) as an apex monetary self-confidence of the country started to monitor and control the finance industry especially at the end of the 1990s by issuing the directives to the financial institutions (FIs). It initiated the offsite and onsite supervision of FIs to maintain their operose financial health and to build upthe confidence of private sector in the liberalized financial system and value the interestingness of the investors. It has adopted the CAEL ( p ileus adequacy, asset quality, earning and liquidity) system to check up the health of FIs. It has yet to use the CAMELS to evaluate the financial performance and check up the financial health. Independent outsiders too can not use all components of CAMELS to check up the financial health of FIs in Nepal due to the full disclosures of required financial information to outsiders. NRB dictated FIs to disclose the financial information in uniform way only in the fiscal year (FY) 2001/02. In this paper, attempt has been made to check up the financial health of joint venture banks in the framework of CAMEL.1. Rationale of Regular Health Check up of Commercial BanksNot only the commercial banks but also any FIs require regular health check up to maintain the confidence of private sector in financial system of the country and protect the interest of depositors, tote upers, share suss outers and other stakeholders. The gravity of the importance of sound financial sector has increased tre mendously after the international financial turmoil of the secant half of the 1990s. International monetary authorities much(prenominal) as International Monetary Fund and international FI like the World Bank bewilder underpinned the need of brawny financial sector to build up the confidence of private sector in the liber41The Journal of Nepalese Business Studiesalized financial system. in that locationfore, they bind directed their fragment countries to reform the financial sector and conduct the regular health check up of FIs through onsite and offsite supervision. International FIs like the World Bank and Asian exploitation Bank (ADB) are supporting the projects run in the vein of reforming process of the financial sector of different countries. For example, the World Bank is constantly providing the technical and financial support to reengineer NRB and restructure Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank (NRB 2005).Health of financial sector depends on the health of s eparateistic FIs. In addition, individual FIs health counts on the myriad macro and microfactors. Among the macro factors, political stability and the real sector growth are vital. The financial health of FIs can not give birth without the political stability and sustainable real sector growth with sound health. However, the intensity of contagious effect of these macro variables may vary from one individual FI to another. Therefore, health of individual FI should be checked up regularly to know the intensity of such effect.Health of an individual FI is a function of multiple factors such as quality of its assets, liquidity position, with child(p) base, centering quality, market sensitivity and earnings. All these factors affect the different types of bump to an individual FI. Different types of fortunes credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, market risk, off-balance sheet risk, foreign exchange risk, sovereign risk, technology, operational risk, insolvency risk, affe ct the health of an individual FI adversely if they are not managed in sustainable manner (Saunders and Cornett 2004).A number of factors such as quality of assets, financial market condition, foreign exchange market, composition of assets, financial health of its clients, profitability, detonating device adequacy, affect the degree of these risks. Financial health check-up of an individual institution should be made regularly to detect the adverse effect of these risks on its health. Micro-prudential indicators such as capital adequacy, asset quality, management firmness of utilization, earning and profitability, liquidity, sensitivity to market risk, and market based indicators like market price of financial instruments, credit ratings are used as indicators of the sound health of an individual FI (Evan and others 2000). These indicators are explained at length in the ensuing section of this paper.2. Theoretical Prescription of CAMELS FrameworkThe Basle Committee on Banking ma nagement of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) has recommended using capital adequacy, assets quality, management quality, earnings and liquidity (CAMEL) as criteria for assessing a FI in 1988 (ADB 2002). The sixth component, market risk (S) was added to CAMEL in 1997 (Gilbert, Meyer and Vaughan 2000). However, some of the developing countries are using CAMEL instead of CAMELS in the performance evaluation of the FIs. The central banks in some of the countries likeNepal, Kenya use CAEL instead of CAMELS.CAMELS framework is a common method for evaluating the soundness of FIs. This system was developed by regulatory authorities of the U.S banks. The Federal Reserve Bank, the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Deposit amends Corporation all use this system (McNally 1996). Monetary authorities in the most of the countries are using this system to check up the health of an individual FI. In addition, International Monetary Fund also is using the aggregated indicators of individual FIs to assess the financial system 42Health Check-up of Commercial Bankssoundness of its member countries as part of its surveillance work (Hilbers, Krueger and Moretti 2000).2.1 Capital AdequacyCAMELS framework system looks at six major aspects of an FI capital adequacy, asset quality, management soundness, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity to market risk (Hilbers, Krueger and Moretti 2000). The first component, capital adequacy ultimately determines how well FIs can manage with shocks to their balance sheets. Thus, it tracks capital adequacy ratios that take into bankers bill the most important financial risksforeign exchange, credit, and interest rate risksby assigning risk weightings to the institutions assets. For the innovation of capital adequacy measurement, bank capital is divided into Tier I and Tier II. Tier I capital is primary capital and Tier II capital is supplementary capital.In Nepalese context, Tier I ( bone marrow/primary) capital includes paid -up capital, share premium, non-redeemable preference share, general give fund, accumulated profit, capital redemption reserve, capital valuation reserve fund, and other free reserve. Amount of the goodwill, fictitious assets, investing in the financial instruments issued by an organized organization in excess to the limit specified by NRB, and investment in the financial instruments issued by the organizations having the own financial interest is deducted from the sum of all elements of the primary capital to arrive at the warmheartedness capital. Similarly, Tier II (supplementary) capital comprises of general loan loss provision, assets revaluation reserve, hybrid capital instruments,subordinated term loan, exchange equalization reserve, excess loan loss provision, and investment adjustment reserve. Thus, the correspond capital of commercial banks is the sum of core capital and supplementary capital (NRB 2005).Leverage ratio can be used to measure the capital adequacy of a ba nk. This is the ratio of banks book value of core capital to the book value of its assets. The higher ratio shows the higher level of capital adequacy. The U.S.A. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA) of 1991 has hardened the five target zones i. 5 per centumage and above ii. 4 percent and above iii. under 4 percent, iv. under 3 percent, v. 2 percent and less, of leverage ratio. The leverage ratio falling in the first zone implies that bank is well capitalized.Similarly, the leverage falling in the second zone shows that bank is adequately capitalized. The leverage falling in the last three zones indicates that bank is inadequately capitalized and regulators should take prompt corrective action to bring the capital to the desirable level (Saunders and Cornett 2004). The leverage ratio stated in the foregoing discussion is simple(a) capital to assets ratio. In other words, assets are not risk adjusted. The 1993 Basel Accord enforced the capital ratio to r isk adjusted assets of commercial banks. agree to this accord, core capital must equal to or overhaul 4 percent of the risk charge assets of the commercial banks. Similarly, the amount of the supplementary capital should not exceed the amount of the core capital and the total capital must equal or exceed 8 percent of risk weighted assets (Saunders and Cornett 2004).NRB initially fixed the core capital at the level of 4.5 percent of the risk weighted assets and total capital at the level of 9 percent of risk weighted assets of the commercial banks (NRB 2058). For the current FY2005/06, the mandatory levels of core capital and total capital are 6 percent and 12 percent of risk weighted assets of commercial banks. But NRB has strictly directed all commercial banks that the amount of the supplementary capital should not be in excess to the amount of the core capital (NRB 2005). 43The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies2.2 Asset QualityCredit risk is one of the factors that affect th e health of an individual FI. The extent of the credit risk depends on the quality of assets held by an individual FI. The quality of assets held by an FI depends on exposure to specific risks, trends in non- perform loans, and the health and profitability of bank borrowersespecially the corporate sector. We can use a number of measures to indicate the quality of assets held by FIs. ADB suggests these measuresloan concentration by industry, region, borrower and portfolio quality related party policies and exposure on outstanding loan, approval process of loan, check and balance of loans loan loss provision ratio portfolio in arrear loan loss ratio and reserve ratioof checking the quality of assets of an FI (ADB 2002).NRB uses composition of assets, nonperforming loan to total loan ratio, net nonperforming loan to total loan ratio as the indicators of the quality of assets of commercial banks (NRB 2005. NRB has directed the commercial banks in regards to the concentration of the loan . Any licensed FI can grant the fund base loan to a single borrower or borrowers related to the same concern group up to the 25 percent of its primary capital. In the same vein, it can provide the non-fund base loan up to 50 percent of its core capital (NRB 2005). Similarly, it has directed FIs to classify the loans into performing loan and nonperforming loans.The loans that are not due and 3 months past due fall in the class of performing loans/performing assets and others do in the non-performing loans. Further, non-performing loans are classified into three groups substandard, doubtful, and bad debt/ loss (for detail classification see NRB directive 2/061/62). Commercial banks have to make 1 percent provision for pass loan/performing loan, 25 percent for substandard loan, 50 percent for doubtful loan and snow percent for bad loan (NRB 2005). Non-performing assets in the total assets of commercial banks was 22.77 percent in the FY 2003/04. But the percentage of non-performing as sets of an individual commercial bank varies from 0.76 percent to 57.64 in the same fiscal year. But the normal international standard of the percentage of non-performing assets is 5-8 percent of the total assets.2.3 Management QualitySound management is key to bank performance but is difficult to measure. Itis primarily a qualitative factor applicable to individual institutions. Several indicators, however, can jointly serve as an indicator of management soundness. Expenses ratio, earning per employee, cost per loan, average loan size and cost per unit of money lent can be used as a deputy of the management quality. ADB recommends cost per unit of money lent as a proxy of management quality. But this can not be used as an indicator of management quality in Nepal. Since the data on amount of the total loan mobilized during a particular FY is not available in published financial statements and annual reports. As stated earlier, NRB has skipped up this component of CAMELS in the perf ormance evaluation of commercial banks (see NRB 2005).2.4 Earning PerformanceEarning capacity or profitability keeps up the sound health of an FI. Chronically unprofitable FI risks insolvency on one hand and on the others, unusually high profitability can reflect excessive risk taking of an FI. There are different indicators of profitability. Return on assets, return on equity, interest-spread ratio, earning-spread ratio, gross gross profit, 44Health Check-up of Commercial Banksoperating profit margin and net profit margin are commonly used profitability indicators. NRB uses return on total assets as an indicator of profitability of a commercial bank. In addition, it uses the absolute measures such as interest income, net interest income, noninterest income, net non-interest income, non-operating income, net non-operating income and net profit, to evaluate the profitability of a commercial bank (NRB 2005). 2.5 LiquidityLiquidity risk threats the solvency of FIs. In the case of comm ercial banks, first type of liquidity risk arises when depositors of commercial banks seek to withdraw their money and the second type does when commitment holders want to exercise the commitments recorded off the balance sheet. Commercial banks have to borrow the additional cash in hand or sell the assets at fire sale price to pay off the deposit liabilities. They become insolvent if sale price of the assets are not enough to meet the obligation withdrawals.The second type of liquidity risk arises when demand for unexpected loans can not be met due to the lack of the funds. Commercial banks can raise thefunds by running down their cash assets, borrowing additional funds in the money markets and selling off other assets at distressed price. two liability side liquidity risk (first type risk) and asset side liquidity risk (second type risk) affect the health of commercial banks adversely. But maintaining the high liquidity position to minimize such risks also adversely affects the profitability of FIs.Return on highly liquid assets is almost zero. Therefore, FIs should strike the tradeoff amid liquidity position and profitability so that they could maintain their health sound. Commercial banks liquidity exposure can be measured by analyzing the sources and uses of liquidity. In this approach, total net liquidity is worked out by deducting the total of uses of liquidity from the total of sources of liquidity. Similarly, BIS maturity laddering model can be used to measure the liquidity of a commercial banks. In addition, different liquidity exposure ratios such as borrowed funds to total assets, core deposit to total assets, loans to deposits, and commitments to lend to total assets are used to measure the liquidity position of a commercial bank (Saunders and Cornett 2004). NRB uses total loan to total deposit ratio, cash and equivalents to total assets ratio, cash and equivalents to total deposit ratio, NRB balance to total deposit ratio to measure the liqui dity position of commercial banks in the course of the performance evaluation of commercial banks (NRB 2005). 2.6 Sensitivity to Market RiskCommercial banks are increasingly involved in diversified operations such as lending and borrowing, dealing in foreign exchange, selling off assets pledged for securities and so on. All these are subject to market risk like interest rate risk, foreign exchange rate risk, and financial asset and commodity price risk. The health of an FI more sensitive to market risk is more hazardous than that of less sensitive. hostile exchange risk, interest rate risk, equity price risk, and commodity price risk are the indicators of sensitivity to market risk.3. MethodologyAt present, all unitedly 17 commercial banks are in operation. Out of this, Rastriya Banijya Bank is fully owned by HMG/Nepal while in case of Nepal Bank Ltd, HMG/Nepal is the major shareholder. There are six joint venturebanks in collaboration with the foreign investment partners and rem aining are fully owned by Nepalese investors. For the purpose 45The Journal of Nepalese Business Studiesof this demand, the population has been defined in term of joint venture commercial banks. So the population of this study is six. For the purpose of this study, 3 banksNabil Bank Limited (Nabil), Nepal SBI Bank Ltd. (NSBI) and Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBN), were selected randomly (for sampling frame and sample refer to Appendix 1).This study is based on the historical data disclosed by annual reports of commercial banks. NRB has dictated the commercial banks to disclose the financial information in the appointed format since the FY 2001/02. So, the analogy of financial performance of commercial banks each other is only possible only the FY 2000/01 onward.1 Most of the commercial banks have yet to hold the annual general meeting and publish their annual report for the FY 2004/05. So, it is not possible to include this FY in the study. Therefore, this study covers the last four consecutive fiscal yearsfrom the FY 2000/01 through FY 2003/04.The analysis of this study is entirely based on the CAMELS framework. As stated in theoretical prescription, health check up of any FIs in this framework is concentrated in the six components capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, earning, liquidity and sensitivity to market. But in this study, the last component has been dropped due to the presence of much more complication.So, analysis of financial health of joint venture banks is carried out in the framework of CAMEL. Indicators of each component also have been used according to the financial data disclosed in annual reports of sampled joint venture banks. So, complicated indicators of each component of CAMEL framework of checking up the health of the banks have been skipped up in this study (for the indicators of each component refer to Appendix 2).4. Analysis of Financial Health of Commercial BanksThis section of this paper analyses the indicators of the financial health of sampled joint venture banks in the CAMEL framework. As stated inmethodology, all indicators of the financial health of FIs have not be worked out and analyzed, only the indicators permitted by the publicly available comparable financial data have been used to analyze the financial health of the sampled banks. The ensuing section presents the analysis of different indicators of sound health of an FI in the context of joint venture banks in Nepal. 4.1 Capital AdequacyAs stated earlier, leverage ratio, core capital ratio, total capital ratio and supplementary capital ratio are used as the indicators of capital adequacy of an FI. Leverage ratios of sampled banks, in general, show that joint venture banks are well capitalized and they are strong enough to mange the shock to balance sheet. Since the leverage ratios of sampled banks during the study periods are greater than 5 percent.Conventionally, leverage ratio of 5 percent or greater than 5 percent indicates that commercial banks are well capitalized. The indicators TCR, CCR and SCR, of capital adequacy of joint venture banks also corroborate with the intimation of leverage ratio. In general, all banks under study have met the capital adequacy ratio as directed by NRB. Only NSBI has not met the marginal capital requirement as directed by NRB in the FY 2000/01 and FY 2003/04. In these fiscal years, its TCR and CCR are lower than that of minimum ratio specified by NRB. Similarly, in the Financial information for the FY2000/01 were extracted from the annual reports of the sample banks. But this was not possible in Nabil Bank Ltd.Capital of commercial banks in Nepal is negative due to the well-grounded amount of negative capital of two public sector banks Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank. Capital of these two banks is negative due to the heavy accumulated losses.Thus, the public sector banks have yet to meet the capital adequacy requirements as required by NRB. But pr ivate sector banks have, in general, met the capital adequacy requirement. The comparison between the capital fund to risk weighted assets ratio of each individual joint venture bank with the aggregate capital fund ratio of private sector commercial banks (IAR) implies that joint venture banks have stronger capital base than that of other private sector banks in general. In addition, average capital fund ratio of joint venture banks during the study period hovers around 14 percent. This is higher than the minimum ratio specified by NRB. This clearly implies that joint venture banks are complying with the directive of NRB on the requirement of the capital base of commercial banks.As stated in the foregoing analysis, banks under study are well capitalized and they are complying with the directive of NRB on capital adequacy ratio. But their capital base relative to the risk weighted assets is not so strong. According to the international rating convention, total capitalshould be greate r than 19.5 percent of the total risk weighted assets of commercial banks in order to be a strong capital base. But none of the banks under study has the capital fund greater than 19.5 percent of the total risk weighted capital. As indicated by TCR, on the average, capital adequacy of joint venture banks is fair during the study period. Total capital adequacy ratio less than 15 and equal to 12 indicates that capital adequacy is fair and on the average this ratio falls within this range. 47The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies4.2 Asset QualityIt is frank from the theoretical prescription that the health of commercial banks largely depends on the quality of assets held by them, and quality of the assets relies on the financial health of their borrowers. As stated earlier, more indicators can be used to measure the quality of assets held by commercial banks. But, here, only two simple indicators non-performing asset ratio and loan loss reserve ratioare used to measure the quality of assets being held by banks. The increasing trend of these ratios shows the deteriorating quality of commercial bank assets. In general, 5 percent to 10 percent of non-performing assets is considered as satisfactory level of quality of bank assets, Table 2 Indicators of Asset Quality of Sampled Banks

Eradicating Extreme Poverty And Hunger Essay

ache is bingle of the determinants of pauperism in Africa. Hunger leads to unworthy wellness, high mortality rate rate, low productivity and fundamental societal disability. I highly debate that if only we could work on nourishment security in countries equal Africa, we could be way up above making half of the worlds meagerness level to decrease. Business could go a long way towards assisting this. People here atomic number 18 facing the two prime and significant problems utmost(prenominal) pauperisation and Hunger.Have you seen the children and adults of Somalia, Uganda, and Congo exclusively of them argon malnourished and suffer from different diseases due to nethernourishment by the gift of starvation and poverty. These ar some of the poorest large add together in the world. Sucked into the cities in search of work, they run in shacks made of corrugated iron, near an open sewer. Though poverty is now in correct in Bangladesh, malnutrition rates are still among the highest anywhere in the world. One in ein truth half-dozen population in the world lie withs on less than a dollar, or 65p, a daytimetime, and much than 800 jillion people are malnourished.The people you see in these TV and newspaper pictures just happen to concur been born in the wrong place. While we drink clean tap water, they drink water from a sewage-infested river. While we consume more than is good for us, they eat rice with a little chicken trim if they are lucky. We cant help having been born here and not there we cant stop eating or drinking or shopping. But if people in our street didnt live with enough to eat, we would share our food with them. Just because poverty is a long way outside(a) doesnt mean there is nothing we can do to fishing rig it.In 2000, world leaders made a promise to eliminate half of the perfect poverty levels and the number of malnourished people by 2015. They can do it but only if we keep up the pressure. As Nelson Mandela utter remainder poverty isnt about charity. Its about justice. This goal aims to reduce by half the number of people whose income is less than $1 a day, and those who suffer from thirstiness. In grey Sudan, drought and the effects of 20 years of conflict led to a severe food shortage in 2002, with many children in truth malnourished.An NGO called TEARFUND responded to this emergency with a new entree called community-based therapeutic care. Traditional feeding programmes treat children hurt from severe malnutrition in feeding centres. Children and their careers usually stay in the centre, so only a check number can be treated at any time. This new community-based approach involves setting up many smaller distribution points, often in remote areas. Local people help retrace and staff them. All the malnourished children admitted to the programme are examined.If they pick out a healthy appetite and no medical complications, they are presumption supplies of a special food called Plu mpynut and sent home, to be looked after by their mothers. They get regular supplies of Plumpynut from the local distribution point when they go for a hebdomadly check up. This community-based approach reduces the time mothers energise to spend away from their other children, and from their household and farming work. This was especially appreciated at the start of the placeing season. Plumpynut as well proved very popular with the children.Severely malnourished children with serious health problems or no appetite are admitted to a stabilization centre for medical care until they have recovered enough to return home. This new community-based approach was a success in South Sudan, and very popular with local people. The programme was able to cover a much wider area. Hundreds more children were treated than in previous, centralized programmes. There was a high recovery rate and a very low mortality rate. Nurses who had spent over five years in feeding programmes initially found it strange to permit severely malnourished children leave the treatment centre.However, they soon became the strongest advocates for the new approach. Mothers attending the distribution points also true health education and supplies of seeds. most have now formed womens groups that meet each week to receive further health education. Alleviating thirstiness and poverty has been and continues to be the pre-dominant policy challenge facing planetary and national decision removers. Here we argue that policy interventions for addressing this challenge should be designed in the condition of emerging global, regional and national trends.We discuss four major trends that are shaping the future food economy and consequently the prospects for meeting the hunger and poverty goals. These trends are i) Rapid urbanization in the maturation world and its impact on food markets. ii) Increasing integration of global food markets through trade. iii) alloy of natural resource base and the degra dation of the global and local commons and iv) Rising transactions cost in the acquisition and use of science and technology for development.Other ideas to meet snuff out poverty and hunger are as follows Encourage attack to micro-credit translate free school meals for all school children, victimisation locally produced foods improve soil fertility through adding manure, making compost and using green manures plant trees like moringa and leuceana that add nutrients to the soil and encourage the use of door-sized home gardens. At the turn of the new millennium, 147 nations concord they had the resources and the political will to reject the extreme poverty, hunger and disease that kills millions of people each year in the poorest parts of the world.UNDP also mentioned that seven years ago the world came together and committed to tackle poverty in all its forms and work to build a better world for everyone. This vision was encapsulated in the millenary Declaration and the eight Millennium Development Goals that emerged from it, which include halving the number of people living(a) in extreme poverty and hunger by the year 2015 achieving universal primary education promoting sexual urge equality and womens empowerment reducing child and maternal mortality combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases and ensuring environmental sustainability.These Goals are underpinned by a commitment to build a global partnership for development, a compact in the midst of poor countries that commit to focus on reducing poverty, and the richer world that commits to be an active partner in supporting developing country efforts. The MDGs represent an internationally agreed set of goals that can be achieved if all actors work together and do their part.Now, at the midpoint towards the 2015 target, it is clear that significant maturate has been made in many areas. The number of people living on less than one dollar a day has fallen by roughly 250 million people and so, at the global level at least, it looks like we will meet the goal to halve extreme poverty and hunger. In some regions more children are in school both girls and boys and people can expect to live longer and more fur-bearing lives.However this is not happening in all parts of the world. As I saw in my visit to Mozambique, Tanzania and Rwanda last week, while many African countries are making real pull ahead in the pit against poverty, the challenge of achieving the MDGs and other development objectives in sub-Saharan Africa is oddly acute, where only some countries are progressing sufficiently to achieve some of the Goals.Today, worldwide, more than one one thousand million people still lack access to safe drinking water 6,000 people die of HIV and AIDS each day and more than 750 million adults cannot read half a billion of them women. The impact of climate change also poses a particularly daunting challenge to many developing countries, especially the poorest. But this picture does not have to remain the same. Many of the Goals remain eminently achievable in the vast majority of countries.For this to happen, though, two crucial aspects of the partnership for development must be respected. The first relates to the theme for the Eradication of Poverty People living in poverty as agents of change, where it is clear that developing countries themselves should own their development process and that UNDPs role is to help build the capacity to empower them to take charge of their own development. It also way of disembodied spirit that the support we provide will be more effective as it will be given in support of the priorities of poor people, and on their own terms.The idea that people living in poverty are agents of their own change can be applied at the local level, but also extends through the national level where people can get involved in monitoring policies and reviewing budgets, as well as at the international level where poorer countries must be able to contr ibute amply to the global institutions and processes that can shape progress in their country. The second component of the partnership is that while poor people must be in the driving seat of their development, we have also committed to provide them with the necessary support.Implementing the commitments that the international community has already made on increasing and improving aid, dealing comprehensively with the debt problems facing developing countries, and delivering a trading system that puts the needs of poor countries at its heart would go a very long way in ensuring that the MDGs can be met. The policies and actions of all countries on issues such(prenominal) as the environment and migration must also be made as supportive as accomplishable of development, lest we give with one hand and take away with the other.For the Eradication of Poverty we should recommit to achieving the MDGs as a whole, and to these two components in particular in the fight against poverty, so that the world can come as close as possible to achieving the ambitious Goals that has been set for 2015. Former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan also had said that Today called for simultaneous action on both issues, warning that it will be impossible to eradicate one blight without the other. Hunger and poverty are ugly siblings.You cannot get rid of either unless you tackle the other as well Hunger, after all, is both a source and a consequence of extreme poverty. A hungry man cannot think beyond his next meal This has ruin consequences for the economic and accessible development of society as a whole, Mr. Annan told government representatives and other officials at UN Headquarters. The world has the resources and the know-how to make hunger history. What we need is political will and resolve. Let us renew our pledge to work together towards the day when no man, woman or child goes to sleep hungry.Let us resolve to win the fight against hunger once and for all. And I think tha t, with determination, resolve and will, it can be done. Mr. Annan repeated that the theme to eradicate poverty and hunger is the need to bolster agriculture, noting that more than two thirds of the worlds hungry live in rural areas, and increased investment in agriculture is one of the most effective office to help them. He also made a warning that the world has made insufficient progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly goal number one for eradicating extreme poverty and hunger by 2015.Anyhow, global poverty and hunger are issues that affect all of us. Almost a billion people live on less than $1 a day and approximately half of the world population lives on less than $2 a day (United Nations, 2007). Since 1990, 270 million people throughout the world have died from poverty-related causes. Realizing that there are a little over 300 million people living in the United States, the figure of 270 million deaths is staggering. The majority of those that di ed were women and children. Every three seconds a child dies of hunger and preventable diseases (Bedell, 2005).According to CARE (2007), an organization committed to fighting global poverty and helping people proceed self-sufficient, more than 840 million people in the world suffer from malnutrition. Of those people, more than 153 million are children under age 5, and tragically, six million of those children will die because of hunger. In 2000, the Millennium Declaration was adopted by 189 member nations of the United Nations. These countries committed to achieving eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 to improve the quality of life in developing countries.Goal 1 is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Even though the international poverty bend is being redrawn, the current poverty line has been set at an income of $1. 08 per day. The poverty line is the minimum income level to meet basic needs. The poverty line varies in different countries such as the United Sta tes. Nevertheless, the goal is to reduce by one-half the number of people worldwide earning less than $1 per day. Without financial resources, basic needs such as food, water, shelter, hygiene, education, and access to health care cannot be met.Poverty is multidimensional and affects the persons well-being and sense of worth. According to a woman in Tiraspol, Moldova, For a poor person everything is terribleillness, humiliation, shame. We are cripples we are afraid of everything we depend on everyone. No one needs us. We are like garbage that everyone wants to get rid of (study conducted by World Bank Group, 2007). Some progress is being made to meet Goal 1 as the number of people in developing countries that are living on less than $1 per day decreased from 1.25 billion in 1990 to 980 million in 2004 (United Nations, 2007). However, according to the 2007 Millennium Development Goals Report, the sub-Saharan countries are making progress but are not on target to meet Goal 1. Poverty rates in western Asia increased. Poor progress has been made to decrease childhood hunger in sub-Saharan countries and southern Asia. Efforts will need to be accelerated to meet Goal 1. Because the MDGs are interrelated, it is important to be conscious(predicate) of all of goals. They are 1.Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2. Achieve universal primary education. 3. Promote gender equality and empower women. 4. Reduce child mortality. 5. Improve maternal health. 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. 7. witness environmental sustainability. 8. Develop a global partnership for development. Fighting Hunger, Poverty, and Injustice The International Council of Nurses conference in Yokohama, Japan, this summer, also discussed about other international efforts to eradicate poverty and hunger.One of the presenters at the conference was Barbara Stocking, handler of Oxfam International, an organization dedicated to fighting poverty and injustice worldwide. Her presentation i ncluded content about the devastating effects of poverty and hunger. As you might expect, her photographs and stories of many of the people suffering from hunger and poverty were particularly poignant. As the late Dr. Martin Luther King said We have the resources to get rid of poverty. There is no dearth in human resources. The deficit is in human will. So let us work towards make the world a beautiful place