Chapter 6 Duval l& Hays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 6 Duval l& Hays - Essay Example One cannot simply use the literary context of reading the ingredients written on a tuna-can and apply it to understanding Bible. The game of genre determines the meaning. There are many passages and verses that are frequently misinterpreted by ignoring the immediate context. For instance, Jesus has said in the Bible that he is vine (John 15:5). This is probably the prime example of what conferring to immediate context means. If this statement is considered without immediate context it can be misinterpreted that probably Jesus was calling himself a plant, which is not the case. Topical preaching is valid when the passage is not misunderstood regarding the context or when the passage is coherent with the context (Duvall & Hays, 2009). Usually what happens is topical preaching disregards the literary context and that gives the chance to the listener or the reader to misinterpret the message. For this reason the expository preaching is considered a better alternative to topical preaching (Duvall & Hays, 2009). It topical preacher has more chances of getting it wrong by misinterpreting when the correct when they connect their first thought stemming from Johns preaching with some random fourth thought relevant to

Case Study SECOND NATIONAL BANK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Study SECOND NATIONAL BANK - Essay Example The first step of the strategic process was the CEO’s comment about him thinking now much change has occurred during the last year. The executive mentioned an opinion, but does not provide any evidence of his position. This is one first blunders at Second National Bank. A strategic plan requires documentation of what is been done in order to be able to evaluate the results. A strategic plan determines where an organization is going over the next year or a large period of time, how it’s going to get there and how to evaluate if the company achieved its goals (Mcnamara, 2008). Another deficiency of the organizational practices at this Bank is that the company does not have any data to compare against to determine the efficiency of the strategic plan. The executives at this meeting are supposed to have hard historical data about different aspects of the organizations operations. There was evidence in the case from the comments of various executives that they did not have knowledge of the strategic objectives of the company. They needed a copy to remember the content of the plan, as if they had not done anything during the year to help the company accomplish its strategic goals. A strategic plan is not suppose to be a document that is filed in box, never to be seen again. It requires involvement from everyone in the company in order for the company to achieve its objectives. The executives of the company are suppose to know by memory all the major points of the plan since their job involves working in the strategic objectives of the company. Another example of the inefficiency of the Bank’s strategic plan evident during the meeting was the discussion about the objective to become the friendliest bank. The company created a marketing campaign about the having the most customer friendly tellers and bank officers. Despite the efforts nobody in the firm realized any follow-up work to determine how efficient the marketing campaign was and if at the end of

Contemporary Art from the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary Art from the Middle East - Essay Example The essay "Contemporary Art from the Middle East" discovers the exhibition Illuminance: An Elevation of Mind. The exhibition will feature the work of 12 internationally acclaimed and emerging artists from Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco, and Turkey. All of the artists create sculptures and installations that reach beyond traditionalism, appreciating the authentic beauty of the culture which is being depicted. The work that these Middle Eastern artists have done is an aesthetic and intellectual adventure that records a personal journey and cuts a unique cross-section through culture. The exhibition focuses on the method of tracing and mapping a complex history of identity often misunderstood or misrepresented in the West. The exhibition also provides a new perspective that situates their work in an engaging and active space. Each artwork presents itself through multiple viewpoints: a fusion of both past and present, as well as between East and West. Moreover, the exhibi tion will include works by local artists including Adel Abdessemed, Dian Al-Hadid, Afruz Amighi, Yael Kanarek, Naama Tsabar, and internationally recognized artists like Mounir Fatmi, Susan Hefuna, Younà ¨s Rahmoun, Marwan Rechmaoui, Gulay Semercioglu, Mehmet Ali Uysal and Penny Hes Yassour to name a few. Illuminance showcases a variety of exciting ways in which contemporary artists are expressing themselves in the nuances of sculpture and installation art, which also includes collaborative efforts and mixed-media pieces.

My Favorite Memory Essay Example for Free

My Favorite Memory Essay It all began in the summer of 1988 when my parents packed up our car. We began our countless hour journeys from Youngstown, Ohio to FaHoLo Deaf Family Camp in Grass Lake, Michigan. The excitement and thrill that would rush through my veins when going to FAHOLO sent visions to my head about who I would see first, where I would be staying, what I would be doing, and to what fun places I would go. You are never too old to go to FAHOLO, there is always something to do no matter what age you are. Although the cost of camp was somewhat on the pricey side, every dime we spent getting there was well worth it. You cannot place a cost on memories and the people you meet while you are at camp. My memories of camp began when my parents and I arrived at FAHOLO each year. We would unload the car as fast as we could so we could go to the loud sanctuary. As we walked up to the sanctuary we could hear very loud music coming from it, the vibrations shaking the building and the buildings around it. When you walk into the sanctuary all you see is hearing, hard of hearing, deaf, and special needs, all coming together to learn and worship the Lord. It is such an incredible site to see. After the evening service had ended, we would all go to the dining hall. I can remember hearing the doors creak open and the smell of the oak wood inside the lobby. When you walked into the dining hall you could smell whatever was cooking. The first night of camp was always pizza. The pizza that night was delicious; the crust was thick, the sauce very light, the cheese was extra thick, and the toppings piled on high. I remember sitting down to eat pizza, seeing hands signing, and recognizing faces I hadnt seen in years. I remember eating pizza every year with my best friends Jaclyn, Amanda, Amber, Amy, and BJ. Wed sit and talk about all the fun we had over the past year, sports, the things we were going to do during the week, and how much fun we were going to have. We would then start to plan out wh at activities we wanted to do first. As the night came to an end, we said our goodbyes and headed to our different dorms. Jaclyn, Amanda, Amber, Amy, and I always stayed in the Girls Dorm. I can vividly remember the smell of the old dorm room as I opened the door mold and bleach. I can remember hearing giggling, seeing the deaf girls signing, and my friends Amanda, Amber, Amy, and Jaclyn all unpacking their things into dressers as I walked down the hall to my room.. By the time I got done unpacking I was tired and ready for bed and the next day as well. I was ready to learn whos class I was going to be in for the week and I was excited and ready to learn,but most of all I was looking forward to my free time during the afternoon because we were able to do whatever activities we wanted. After our morning classes and lunch came free time in which we could choose from many activities during the afternoon. We had the choices of going swimming in the pool, swimming at the lake, paddle boating, kayaking, canoeing, jumping off the blob, jumping on the water trampoline, playing softball or volleyball, go-karts, riding horses, climbing the rock wall, or going on group trips. For days on end my best friends and I would swim carefree in the glimmering waters of the pool and lake. The outside pool is where I learned how to swim in the deep end and float on my back. I even saved a little girl from drowning because her parents were not paying attention to her. Grass Lake, is the lake where I learned how to row a canoe, kayake, and how to properly skip rocks. I will never forget the crisp, clean air, seeing the ripples of the water on the lake from skipping rocks, and the sound of oars going in and coming out of the water. As the sun slowly began to set, the lake would slowly grow cold. The night sky filled with bright, twinkling stars. It looked as if someone spilled a container of glitter in the sky. I loved those nights, wouldnt you? My absolute favorite memory of camp was the bonfire and hayrides every year. I loved the smell of bonfires, the sound of the wood as it crackled and popped, and of logs collapsing as they disintegrated into nothing but ash while amber ashes floated into the night sky. The best part about a bonfire was roasting marshmallows. Id sit and watch the marshmallow turn from white to a light amber color and thats how I knew my marshmallow was perfect. I remember making a smore one night and giving it to my friend Amanda. She sat and bragged about how good the smore was and told people to have me make their smores. One by one people started coming up to me and asking me to make a smore for them. It was fun for meto compete with other people to see who could make a better smore, but Id always win. While the bonfire was still going, the grounds keeper came to the campgrounds with his red horse drawn wagon and would take turns loading groups of people into the wagon. I loved getting to ride in the wagon with all my friends, talking, laughing, signing, of course, and just being goofy. I remember looking at the night sky thinking â€Å"could this get any better?† and it usually did by my friends burying me or someone else in the hay. I can remember laying down in the wagon and having hay thrown on top of me, stuffed down my sweatshirt, and even into my socks and shoes. I was so warm buried under all the hay. When the hayride came to an end, I had to get out from under all the hay that was thrown on top of me. It was not fun trying to get all the hay off of me. I had to go take a shower to get it all off. I seriously did not know that hay could hide in the tiniest of places. As the night came to a close, I was reminded of how camp was coming to an end. The end of camp was the best but yet the saddest time. Even though everyone was sad that camp was coming to an end, it was still a time of joy and happiness. We made our last day the best. On the last day of camp there would always be a Talent Show. I was in the talent show one year. Since it was a deaf camp and not many people saw me sign I decided to sign a song. I was so nervous when I got on stage, but my nerves subsided when I saw my parents in the audience cheering me on. As I began to sign I saw the looks on peoples faces and their expressions were priceless. They looked stunned like they couldnt believe that I knew how to sign as well as I did. After the talent show, people came up to me and told me that I was astounding, amazing, and that I needed to pursue a career in interpreting. The people also congratulated me on winning the talent show. After the talent show was finished we had a formal banquet to celebrate. It was incredible to see how men could go from wearing basketball shorts and tank tops to suits, the women from shorts and t shirts to dresses and skirts. Before the banquet we would always take a picture of everyone who came to camp. We then proceeded to the dining hall which was decorated each year with a theme. We would be seated at tables and treated like guests at a fancy fest or a royal ball. We used proper manners, ate very well cooked meals, had dessert, talked, and just had fun. After the banquet was over it was time to leave. At the end of the banquet we said our goodbyes, hugged our friends, packed the car, and started our countless hour journey back to Ohio, keeping the memories of the dazzling lake, the nice cool pool, the crisp Michigan summer air, the twinkling stars, the sweet smells of the bonfire, and the fun memories with friends in our minds. Even though I was sad to leave, I knew Id be back next year seeing the same people and creating more memories.

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby has become such a classic of American fiction that its literary merits easily obscure those qualities that also made it a favorite among readers. While critics have been quick to dismiss its thin plot and shallow characters as less important than Fitzgeralds brilliant depiction of the Jazz Age and his indictment of its shabby values, most readers take a different view. They praise the book because its plot is thin and its characters are shallow. These readers believe that this is precisely Fitzgeralds point, that the age itself could do no better than to produce shallow people living superficial lives. Academic critics speculated about the probable causes of this phenomenon, attributing it to the disillusionment brought on by World War I and the extreme measures taken to escape it. The aftermath of the war had brought, â€Å"a state of nervous stimulation†¦the generation which had been adolescent during the confusion of the War had now produced†¦ a whole r ace going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure†¦wherefore eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die.† Readers saw a culture wallowing in hedonism, high on jazz and bathtub gin, and living life as if it were one long party and there was no tomorrow. More importantly, they saw the heroic and sympathetic figure of Nick Carraway, the outside observer, whose function it was to observe and report on the American Dream within Fitzgerald’s novel. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgeralds Nick Carraway becomes the outside observer that readers come to identify with. Nick has the sort of blessed innocence and shining ambition associated with heroes. There is a freshness about him, a basic goodness that appeals to that part of human nature that envies or craves or is irresistibly attracted to innocence. Beyond that, however, is the fact that, in the tradition of the hero, Nick goes forth into the world to encounter corruption and disillusionment and has to come to terms with this in reality. It is through Nick that we see the American Dream, as epitomized by Jay Gatsby, come crumbling down under the amoral pursuit of wealth. We, also, get a glimpse of the roles of class in distinguishing between the wealthy East and West Egg socialites, as well as, the stark contrast between two wealthy but different men, Jay Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. The following paragraphs will attempt to examine and analyze these issues more carefully as seen through the eyes of Nick Carraway. It is Nicks idealization of Jay Gatsby and his dreams that endear him to the minds of the readers. Gatsby on his own is not an easy character for readers to sympathize with without the special insight of the young and sympathetic Nick. If Nick can see the good in Gatsby, then the reader can dismiss the corrupt side as Gatsbys victimization by the system and dwell on the charming side, that side made all the more intriguing by the mystery surrounding this handsome, rich, and devastatingly detached personality. As Nick says of Gatsby, â€Å"His dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city.† Perhaps the best way to grasp the perspective of the American Dream in the twenties is to imagine Gatsby standing alone in the second-story bedroom of his gorgeous mansion in West Egg, looking out at the pool and the tent and the lavish party going on, at his expense, beneath his window; listening to the jazz band playing, seeing the shadows of the flappers against the sides of the tent, quietly watchingaloof, detached, amused, and powerful. This illumination of what the American Dream had become was seen by many as the new idealism that, â€Å"Prosperity in the twenties had come to mean a rate of advance rather than an actual state of affairs†¦more and more Americans were inclined to explain their society in terms of productivity, profits and stock quotes.† Not Gatsby, however. In recounting Gatsby’s dream, Nick remembers vividly coming home and seeing Gatsby standing in front of his mansion, looking intently at East Egg across the bay. His American Dream extended just across the bay and always seemingly beyond his reach, wrapped up in the beautiful idea of Daisy Buchanan. Daisy Buchanan was Nicks cousin, a lovely, exciting, but shallow young woman who once had an affair with Gatsby before the war. While Gatsby was away in the war, she married Tom Buchanan. He was a handsome, wealthy man, but cruel and insensitive. Gatsby wanted Daisy back and thought that his wealth, accumulated through shady transactions, would make Daisy admire him, but he overestimated her and underestimated himself. Unfortunately for Gatsby, the American Dream was only possible through materialism as the Roaring Twenties saw, â€Å"Americans easily assumed that spiritual satisfaction would automatically accompany material success.† Gatsby made the mistake of thinking this way, as well. He felt that by accumulating worldly possessions he could win Daisy back and give her the life she had dreamed of. At one point, Gatsby goes so far as to show her all his valuable belongings, throwing shirts into the air, â€Å"shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple gr een and lavender and faint orange.† Daisy, crying at this point to indicate the materialistic values that had consumed America, exclaims, â€Å"It makes me sad because I‘ve never seen-such beautiful shirts before.† This remarkable scene represents the whole embodiment of what the twenties era had become. It was characterized as an age of excess, overindulgence, consumerism, materialism, and individualism. It was Gatsby’s dream of Daisy Buchanan that would eventually lead him from poverty to riches and finally to his death as his amoral pursuit of wealth would give rise to the shattering of his American Dream. In one sense Gatsby is the manifestation of a new prosperous society. His mysterious past and opportunistic illusions of a dream work to his favor in the new era of prosperity and abundance. Daisy is Gatsbys one dream, and the reason he bought his house and gives his parties is to get her back. Gatsby becomes overly obsessed with Daisy as symbolic of his aspirations and dreams. This points to how unrealistic in his expectations he had become as he begins to live in a sort of fantasy world. Fitzgerald emphasizes this well when he states, â€Å"There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams- not through her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion. It had gone beyond her, beyond everything.† He persuades Nick to bring him and Daisy together again, but he is unable to win her away from Tom. Nick can see this, but he is powerless to stop the chain of events that, for all their melodrama, seem necessary to act out the d enouement of shallow lives lived recklessly, of shallow dreams shattered pointlessly. Nick tries to convince Gatsby that his dreams are unrealistic because the past cannot be repeated, but Gatsby’s reply of, â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you can,† serves to illustrate the illusion of a dream Gatsby is trying desperately to hold on to. In the end, however, it all comes crumbling down as Daisy, driving Gatsbys car, runs over and kills Toms mistress, Myrtle, unaware of her identity. Myrtles husband traces the car back to Gatsby and shoots him, who has remained silent in order to protect Daisy. Gatsbys friends and associates have all deserted him becoming symbolic of the superficial lives of the times and the desertion of a dream, as only Gatsbys father and one former guest attend the funeral with Nick to see an American Dream laid to rest. Everything that has happened seems surreal to Nick and almost pointless as he recalls, â€Å"everything that happened has a dim hazy cast over it.† Fitzgerald points out through Nick that whether Gatsby had died or not his dreams still would have been murdered, nonetheless. Though Gatsby took the time to reinvent himself and acquire enough money (though illegally) to be considered wealthy, he would still never have been accepted into the inner circles of the East Eggers and the Buchanans. What Fitzgerald has done in his book is to add the idea of class to the idea of materialism and the American Dream. He divided these into distinct groups- old money, new money, and the poor. Paul Fussell, in his book on social classes reports that, â€Å"Economically there are only two classes, the rich and the poor, but socially there is a whole hierarchy of classes.† Fitzgerald edifies this by making basically the rich and poor classes, as well, with the only distinction being socially between the wealthy and how they accumulated their money. This distinction would set apart the â€Å"old money† of East Egg luxury and the  "new money† of the West Eggers who had recently acquired their riches through the prosperity of the times. The kind of class that Fitzgerald attributes to Nick Carraway and his family is neither of these. Fitzgerald suggests that Nick descends from the great American cultural component that had its origin in its ideal of a comfortable, cultivated, stable existence, drawing sustenance, generation after generation, from a family business, and living out its generations in the same spacious but unostentatious house. Midwestern idealism then is the hard solid moral core of America, and it produces a Nick Carraway, whose virtues are tolerance and honesty. These are precisely the two virtues that Fitzgerald needs in his hero: the tolerance to become involved with Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby, all of whom he mistrusts in varying degrees but the honesty never to be deceived by them and, more importantly, never to be corrupted by them. Opposed to this specific virtuous Middle West is a rather indefinite degenerate East, although it is particularized in the one small section in which most of the novel takes place: West Egg and East Egg, New York City, and the axis-the valley of ashes, Wilsons garage, and the great staring signboard eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg that connects them all. Both Eggs represent corruption, but it is a corruption of different orders, connected with inherited wealth on the one hand and with occupation on the other. East Egg is the home of inherited wealth, whose deeply tainted characters Fitzgerald manages to suggest in Tom and Daisy Buchanan. It is in this community that Tom, as if by instinct, settled, and when asked by Nick if he intends to stay in the East, he replies, in his best bit of self-analysis in the book, â€Å"Id be a God damned fool to live anywhere else. West Egg is populated by nouveau riche, all of whom have acquired their gains in shady or marginal activities: politicians, moving picture people, fight promoters, gamblers, and bootleggers. Farther reaches of Long Island, beyond the Eggs, are briefly suggested in the same manner. According to Nick, the Easterner inherits his money, while the Westerner works for his, but the West Eggers earn their money by gambling or bootlegging. If the essence of Nick Carraway, the essence of the East is summed up in the respective characters of those two expatriates, Tom and Daisy, who between them in his intolerance and her dishonesty. In Daisy further is embodied the beauty of the East, Tom the power, and in their union a vast irresponsibility that smashes the dream of Gatsby and finally murders the dreamer himself. Tom Buchanan then is power and intolerance, Daisy beauty and dishonesty. His financial power is mountainous, and his physique corresponds: you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his coat. It was a body capable of enormom leverage a cruel body. But this power, financial and physical, does not extend to his mind, whose powerful limitations are compensated for by a thick-skulled inflexibility. For while a libertine in action, he is in opinion a prig, faintly nourished by the thinnest pap that twentieth-century knowledge has produced, popular scientific explanations. This powerful stupidity has as its soul mate the beauty and dishonesty of Daisy. Both these characteristics of the feminine side of the equation are repeated, reemphasized, and exaggerated But money for Gatsby is a kind of metaphysical mystery as well, and certainly it is a synonym for beauty. It was the mysterious beauty of Daisy and her life that cast the original spell. Jay Gatsby may be a bootlegger and a fraud, but he is only defrauding a system that is a bigger fraud, a system that advocates a farce like prohibition, that adores glittering surfaces, that cares only for the trappings of success and not for how the gains were got. But in the American tradition of trying to have your cake and eat it too, cult readers get to envy Gatsby while respecting Nick. Nick has his head on straight; Nick learns from what he sees; Nick acquires wisdom from his experiences and thus tells us a cautionary tale. Ah, but for one brief, shining moment, Gatsby illuminates the sky, and if his death is all a silly mistake, its sordidness is redeemed by his nobility. He dies, after all, for love, but it is a love that is unrequited. The success behind Jay Gatsby according him was Rise from bed. . . . Study electricity. . . . Work. . . . Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it. . . . Study needed inventions. West vs east Bibliography F. Scott Fitzgerald, the Great Gatsby. Publisher: Scribner (1995) Jack Clayton directed movie, The Great Gatsby. (1974) John Braeman, Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America: The 1920S. Ohio State University Press (1968). Harold Bloom, Gatsby. Publisher: Chelsea House Publishers. Place of Publication: New York. (1991). Loren Baritz, The Good Life: The Meaning of Success for the American Middle Class. Perennial Library (1989).

Pinpoint Colluding Attackers for Software-as-a-Service Cloud

Pinpoint Colluding Attackers for Software-as-a-Service Cloud Abstract- Software as a Service (SaaS) is a distribution model of software in which service provider or vendor develops applications and these are accessible by the customers over a network. SaaS clouds are vulnerable to malicious attacks because of their sharing nature. IntTest, service integrity attestation framework has been anticipated and it uses a novel integrated attestation graph analysis scheme to pinpoint attackers. But IntTest has still a limitation that attackers can still escape the detection if they have less inconsistency links than benign service providers. In this paper, we present Function Combination Generator along with the IntTest in order to detect the attackers more in number. Also, Result Auto Correction is provided to correct the incorrect results provided by the attackers. Our experimental results shows that our scheme is effective and can achieve higher accuracy in pinpointing the attackers more in number than the existing approaches. Index Terms- Cloud Computing, Integrity Attestation, Multitenant, SaaS, Function Combination Generator 1 INTRODUCTION Cloud computing depends on resource sharing over a network. Cloud computing mainly relies on improving the efficiency of shared resources. Cloud provides services like Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS). This paper mainly deals with Software-as-a-service. Software as a Service depicts any cloud service where providers deploy their applications and consumers use those applications through a client interface such as web browser. Software as a Service and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) [4] provides certain concepts for the evolution of Software as a Service clouds [1] (e.g., Amazon Web Service (AWS) [2] and Google App Engine [3]). SaaS clouds provide a way for application service providers (ASPs)[5], [6] to transport their applications through the huge cloud computing infrastructure [7]. Figure 1 shows the origin of Software as a Service deployed on either public, private or hybrid cloud and its relation with the end u ser. As ASPs from different security domains shares Cloud Computing infrastructures, they are vulnerable to attacks. As Cloud Computing attracts many providers due to its cost-effective concept, it has become very popular at recent. This paper concentrates on service integrity attacks on SaaS clouds. The user gets the bad results due to these integrity attacks when requested for a service. Figure 2 shows the integrity attacks in SaaS clouds. Multitenant architecture is one that is responsible for most of the SaaS cloud solutions. In the previous research, only privacy protection and confidentiality problems have been widely stated, but the service integrity attestation was not clearly addressed. Service integrity is one of the main problems that need to be solved despite whether the public or private clouds process the data. Various researchers have presented certain service integrity attestation schemes but the problem is that they require secure kernel or trusted hardware support. Because of these problems, Multitenant cloud computing does not carry those schemes. Later, Juan Du has proposed IntT est, an efficient framework for large scale cloud systems. A novel integrated attestation graph analysis scheme has been provided by the IntTest that detects the attackers more when compared to the existing schemes. But the problem here is that the attackers can still escape the detection if they have less inconsistency links than benign service providers. i.e., If only one order of service functions is given by the providers for a service, the attacker acts as genuine and colludes with other attackers and provides fake results. With this, all the inconsistent results caused by the attackers are not detected completely and the fake results are assumed as good one and provided to the users. With this, we can say that that IntTest cannot detect the colluding attackers. In this Paper, Function Combination Generator is provided for the IntTest to overcome the limitation. Function Combination Generator along with IntTest can attain more attacker identifying accuracy than existing schemes like Run Test and AdapTest. In particular, AdapTest and RunTest with the other conventional voting schemes wants to believe that benevolent service providers take bulk in every service function. Figure 1: Software-as-a Service To make the targeted service functions as malicious, several attackers may launch on colluding attacks in large scale multitenant cloud systems. In order to overcome this problem, IntTest with FCG adopts a systematic method by exploring the both consistency and inconsistency relationships between various service providers in the whole cloud system. The per-function consistency graphs and global inconsistency graphs have been validated by the IntTest. The attackers can be detected more effectively, it does not allow the attackers to escape as well as reduces the scope of damage caused by the attackers by using Function Combination Generator with IntTest. With the scalable IntTest along with Function Combination Generator, the burden provided with attestation can be reduced to an extent than any other schemes. This paper provides the below implementations: IntTest, an efficient and scalable service integrity attestation framework for broad cloud computing infrastructures. Function Combination Generator that generates different set of orders for a particular set of functions for the given service. Baseline and Integrated attestation schemes that attains more attackers pinpointing than the existing schemes. Result auto correction method that eventually replaces the fake results provided by the colluding attackers with the correct results. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the related work. Section 3 presents the proposed Work in detail. Section 4 presents the design. Finally, the paper concludes in section 5. Figure 2: Integrity attacks in cloud based data processing Where, Sn= different service components n= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} VM= Virtual Machines 2 RELATED WORK SaaS clouds are given with various integrity attestation schemes in recent years. The BIND scheme, TEAS, RunTest and AdapTest are some of the schemes but these in turn have some issues that are to be dealt with. Some of them want trusted hardware and support of secure kernel. BIND [10] (Binding Information and Data) is one that requires secure kernel or a third party support. To verify the service integrity for SaaS clouds, BIND exhibits the fine grained attestation framework. This BIND scheme follows these steps. 1) Attestation annotation mechanism. 2) Sandbox mechanism. 3) Verification of authenticator through hash. In order to address the service integrity attestation, Diffee-Hellman key has been used by the BIND scheme. TEAS [11] (Timed Executable Agent System) is another provided scheme that address the integrity for SaaS clouds. It uses Agent generation and verification algorithm. But the problem is that it is not scalable and does require trusted hardware. RunTest [8] has been proposed later with further corrections. RunTest, a scalable runtime integrity attestation framework attains the data flow processing integrity in cloud. It promotes light-weight application level attestation mechanism. With this, it identifies the attackers when inconsistent results are detected and also integrity of data processing results is examined. This RunTest gives the information on who are benign service providers and also the attackers’ stealthy behaviour. The disadvantage that RunTest has is its low performance. The AdapTest [9] is another existing scheme that presents a novel adaptive data driven runtime service integrity attestation framework to verify the service integrity in SaaS clouds. It reduces the detection delay and also the attestation overhead. It treats all the service components as black boxes so any special hardware support is not needed by the AdapTest. The disadvantage is that detection rate is low. So later, to overcome all th e limitations of the existing schemes, IntTest has been proposed. Any secure kernel or hardware support is not needed by IntTest as it also treats the components as black boxes. IntTest provides more detecting accuracy than above all the existing schemes. But still the IntTest has a limitation that attackers try to escape the detection by colluding with the other attackers. So, we proposed Function Combination Generator technique to be used with IntTest to overcome the limitation. With this Function Combination Generator with IntTest, there is no chance for the attackers to escape. 3 PROPOSED WORK Software as a Service clouds are evolved from the basic concepts of Software as a Service and Service Oriented Architecture. It provides a way for the application service providers to build their applications and transport them through cloud computing infrastructure. Here, we are proposing a new technique called Function Combination Generator for IntTest. To pinpoint all the colluding attackers is the main goal of IntTest with Function Combination Generator. And it should not make attackers to escape from detection. Various service providers are negotiated by a single attacker in multitenant cloud systems. Here, certain assumptions are made by the IntTest. First, in the entire cloud system the total number of benign service providers is greater than the malicious service providers. Without this assumption, the IntTest scheme does not work properly. Second, the data processing services are input deterministic. Whatever input is given by the benign service component, it should produce the similar output. Third, the hardware and software faults that grounds the result inconsistency are marked by fault detection schemes [12] and can be removed them as malicious attacks. Figure 3 depicts the overall architecture of our proposed work. The architecture flows like this. At first the user requests the cloud for a particular service, and that requested service is deployed in the cloud and promotes that request to SaaS. SaaS cloud process the request and generates the result to the cloud. Next, Function Combination Generator regulates different set of orders for service functions and then IntTest checks the consistency and inconsistency relationships and then identify the malicious attackers. Result autocorrection corrects the bad results produced by the attackers and stores the corrected data and finally corresponding good results are sent to the user. Figure 3: Architecture 4 DESIGN In this section we present the design of the proposed system. First, we present the Function Combination Generator. We then describe baseline and integrated attestation schemes and next, we present the result autocorrection scheme. 4.1 Function Combination Generator Service is one that consists of several components that in turn consists of different number of functions. Service may contain any number of functions like f1, f2, f3, f4 etc. When the SaaS cloud generates the service as per requested by the user, then the Function Combination Generator generates different set of patterns for the functions such as f1, f3, f2, f4 and f2, f3, f4, f1 and soon. By generating like this, there we can see that the attackers can’t escape from detection. Function Combination Generator is an efficient technique provided with the IntTest to detect the colluding attackers in large number. 4.2 Baseline Attestation Scheme IntTest is mainly used to detect the service integrity attack in SaaS clouds and also pinpoint malicious service providers. In Cloud Computing, several providers develop the same function as they are popular. Function Combination Generator after generating patterns sends the results to the IntTest. IntTest then obtains the consistency and inconsistency relationships among the different service providers for a particular set of service function generated. Figure 4 depicts the consistency check mechanism. As shown in the figure 4, the service providers are p1, p2 and p3. The same function f is developed by all the providers. Portal node is one that has global information like number of ASPs etc., It acts as a gateway to use the services. Provider p1 first receives the original data input p1 from the portal node and generates the result f(d1). Again provider p3 receives the duplicate of d1 and generates the result f(d1’). Next the relationship between the providers is derived. If both the providers generate the same result, they are said to be consistent with each other. If not they are inconsistent with each other, then we can say that one of them is malicious. Like this, we derive the relationships among various service providers. Figure 4: Consistency Check 4.3 Integrated Attestation Scheme Now, an integrated attestation graph analysis algorithm is given here. Step 1: Consistency analysis: Based on the consistency relationships derived by the Baseline attestation scheme, we derive per-function consistency graph as shown in figure 4(a).. With this, the distrustful service providers can be identified. The consistency graph presents certain consistency links among a set of service providers. Those service providers give same results for every specific service function. Like if service providers p1, p2 give consistent results for a function f1, they give the same consistent results for all functions like f2, f3, f4 and so on. The benign service providers who give consistent results for a particular function will form a clique in terms of consistency links. With this per-function consistency graph, we cannot clearly identify who the attacker is. So, we must also consider inconsistency graph too. Figure 4: Attestation Graphs Step 2: Inconsistency analysis: The global inconsistency graph as shown in figure 4(b) is derived from the inconsistency relationships drawn by Baseline attestation scheme. This graph contains only inconsistency links, there may involve various possible combinations of benign node set and malicious node set. Here, we have to believe that total number of malicious service providers is not greater than max number of malicious service. Function Combination Generator generated different set of patterns for a particular service. By generating like this, there is no chance for the attackers to escape as they give inconsistent results with all the patterns when consistency check is done. If any provider gives only incorrect results with all the patterns, we confirm that provider as a corrupted one. Like this, we will find the attackers more in number. 4.4 Result Auto Correction To regularly correct the bad results provided by the attackers, Result Autocorrection is provided. IntTest with Function Combination Generator can not only pinpoint malicious service providers and even autocorrects the bad results with good results and thus improving the result quality of the cloud data processing service. With the absence of attestation scheme, any malicious attacker can change original input data and with this the processing result of that input will be corrupted which will result in degraded result quality. IntTest presents attestation data and correct compromised data processing results. Function Combination Generator given with IntTest, it can achieve higher detection accuracy than any other techniques when malicious service providers attack more nodes. This method will identify the attackers even though they attack a very low percentage of services. This technique can achieve higher detection rate than any other existing scheme and will have low false alarm rate than others. Comparison Study Below is the table that compares various parameters like detection rate, time and attestation overhead among various approaches like AdapTest, RunTest, and IntTest with no Function Combination Generator and IntTest with Function Combination Generator. 5 CONCLUSION In this paper we introduced a technique called Function Combination Generator for IntTest, a novel integrated service integrity attestation graph analysis scheme for multitenant software-as-a-service cloud system. Function Combination Generator generates diffsaerent set of patterns for service functions and then IntTest uses a reply based consistency check to verify the service providers. IntTest with Function Combination Generator analyses both the consistency and inconsistency graphs to find the malicious attackers efficiently than any other existing techniques. And also it provides a result auto correction to improve result quality.

The Most Traumatic Night of My Life :: essays papers

The Most Traumatic Night of My Life It happened about a month ago on a warm Tuesday night in august. Nothing seemed out of the ordinary, but I was soon to find out differently. I was about to experience the most traumatic event of my life. I was at my boyfriend Will’s band practice in downtown with him and his three friends. We decided to go check out some abandoned rooms in the old, run down three-story apartment building in the search of cool stuff for their practice spot. We walked into one room that turned out to be an old after hours club that was no longer in use. There were some useful things, someone grabbed a couple chairs, someone else took a couple speakers that looked like they would still work, and I carried a full-length mirror. As we proceeded into the hallway, I led followed by the rest of the crew and we headed back to their room. When we were about ten feet from where I was going to put the mirror down, for some reason the mirror just broke in half in my hand. I tried saving the other half from smashing on the ground and a jagged piece sliced deep into my wrist. Everyone saw the mirror smash but didn’t realize what had happened to me. I could barely speak. I was so shocked I just pointed down to my wrist. It all happened so quick probably in a matter of about 5 seconds. Every time my heart beat, blood would gush out of the wound. Everyone was talking to me but their words were sort of blurred together. My boyfriend took his shirt off and wrapped it tightly around my wrist. He said to hold my arm above my heart to slow the bleeding. Luckily we were only about five minutes away from Mercy Hospital. So we got in the car I was feeling really light headed and was afraid I would pass out. My mother used to work in the emergency room so I got in pretty quickly. I was still in horrible pain though. Then a nurse came in and put an antiseptic liquid on my wrist I asked her what it was for and she said â€Å"the doctors going to be in soon to stitch you up.