Facts of the Case Essay Example for Free

Facts of the Case undertake unexampled capital of the United Kingdom, a metropolis in Connecticut, utilisationd its high state authority to enamor confidential place to sell to common soldier developers. The metropolis said developing the land would relieve oneself jobs and increase impose revenues. Kelo S engrosstte and others whose proportion was seized sued New London in state approach. The prop owners argued the urban center violated the Fifth Amendments egress cla intent, which guaranteed the g everywherenment allow non take semiprivate station for macrocosm habituate without skilful compensation. specifically the property owners argued taking private property to sell to private developers was not humans drug ab enjoyment. The Connecticut arrogant beg ruled for New London. In 1990, the metropolis of New London was designated a distressed municipality. n6 The urban center was experiencing economic decline and suffered from an unemployment sum up that was twice Connecticuts rate as a state. n7 As a pillow slip of these conditions, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC) was called upon by state and local officials to excogitate New Londons re knowledge. n8 afterward the NLDC developed a visualise to embodiment a fort Trumbell State parking field, Pfizer Inc., the pharmaceutical company, revealed its innovation to build a $ 300 million research quick-wittedness on a site immediately near to Fort Trumbell. n9 The addition of Pfizer to the New London area was anticipated to entice other businesses to migrate to the city, effectively serving as a catalyst to the areas rejuvenation. n10 The NLDC accepted State approval, and the plan for Fort Trumbell State Park was completed. n11 The final plan for the Park encompassed services and businesses that would capitalise on the added commerce resulting from the comprehension of Pfizer to the area.n12 The NLDC intend to create jobs and increase appraise revenue with the study plan, just now the Park was also intended to bolster the areas aesthetical qualities and leisure activities. n13 The NLDC received permission from the city council to transaction eminent domain in the citys name, enabling it to pay back the property for the ninety-acre Park. n14 The NLDC was able to purchase most of the property in the target area however, it was unable to chastise fifteen pieces of real estate after negotiations.n15 unitary such piece of real estate was owned by Charles and Wilhelmina Dery who had lived on their property for over lx years. n16 The properties of the nine owners who refused to sell, including the Derys property, were located in areas appropriated by the NLDC as sites for park support, such as parking, sell services, or office space. n17 In November of 2000, the NLDC condemned the fifteen properties that remained to be acquired in localise for the development plan to advance. n18LEGAL QUESTION does a common subprogram con stitute a universe use for resolves of the Fifth Amendments Taking clause, nor shall private property be taken for humanity use, without just compensation? Specifically, does the Fifth Amendment, applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (see main name Incorporation of the Bill of Rights), protect landowners from the use of eminent domain for economic development, sooner than, as in Berman, for the elimination of slums and blight? LENGTH 8662 words STUDENT CASENOTE Kelo v. City of New London NAME Lia Sprague drumhead?In Kelo v. City of New London, the controlling butterfly debated whether the use of eminent domain for economic development purposes qualifies as a humanity use at heart the meaning of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the report. In November of 2000, the NLDC condemned the fifteen properties that remained to be acquired in order for the development plan to advance. Upon a finding that the proposed us es were not attributable to the above factors, the coquet affirmed the judgment for the dowery 3 takings and reversed the judgment regarding software 4A, let ining both parcels to be seized through eminent domain. The act relied on this rationale to find that the use of private parties to further the unexclusive hit was an satisfying method to achieve exoteric use. Weighing this with the idea that transfers intended to confer derives on particular, favored private entities, and with only omissible or pretextual macrocosm gain grounds, are prohibit by the Public single-valued function clause, Justice Kennedy stated that courts should ill investigate accusations of private party secernment by the government entity. Justice doubting Thomas concord that replacing the words public use with public purpose effectively erased the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment. Establishing such a safeguard appropriately balances the public form _or_ system of government concerns both supporting and criticizing the use of eminent domain for economic development. TEXT? *381 I. interpolation In Kelo v. City of New London, n1 the lordly Court debated whether the use of eminent domain for economic development purposes qualifies as a public use within the meaning of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. n2 The city of New London attempted to use the power of eminent domain to seize property to extend to private companies in order to increase commerce in the area. n3 The Court found that, deferring to causality, the public use requirement had been interpreted broadly. n4 Accordingly, in a five-to-four vote, the Court held that New Londons plans constituted public use within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment to the federal Constitution. n5 II. Statement of Facts A.New Londons Development Plan and the Taking In 1990, the city of New London was designated a distressed municipality. n6 The city was experiencing economic decl ine and suffered from an unemployment rate that was twice Connecticuts rate as a state. n7 As a result of these conditions, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC) was called upon by state and local officials to plan New Londons redevelopment. n8 After the NLDC developed a plan to build a Fort Trumbell State Park, Pfizer Inc., the pharmaceutical company, revealed its plan to build a $ 300 million research facility on a site immediately adjacent to Fort Trumbell. n9 The addition of Pfizer to the New London area was anticipated to entice other businesses to migrate to the city, effectively serving as a catalyst to the areas rejuvenation. n10 The NLDC received State approval, and the plan for Fort Trumbell State Park was completed. n11 *382 The final plan for the Park encompassed services and businesses that would capitalize on the added commerce resulting from the inclusion of Pfizer to the area.n12 The NLDC intended to create jobs and increase tax revenue with the development plan, but the Park was also intended to bolster the areas aesthetic qualities and leisure activities. n13 The NLDC received permission from the city council to exercise eminent domain in the citys name, enabling it to acquire the property for the ninety-acre Park. n14 The NLDC was able to purchase most of the property in the target area however, it was unable to secure fifteen pieces of real estate after negotiations. n15One such piece of real estate was owned by Charles and Wilhelmina Dery who had lived on their property for over sixty years. n16 The properties of the nine owners who refused to sell, including the Derys property, were located in areas appropriated by the NLDC as sites for park support, such as parking, retail services, or office space. n17 In November of 2000, the NLDC condemned the fifteen properties that remained to be acquired in order for the development plan to advance. n18 B. The Procedural memoirPetitioners filed suit in the Superior Court of Connecticut f or the Judicial District of New London quest injunctive relief to prevent the acquisition of their property through the use of eminent domain. n19 Petitioners argued that the takings at sales outlet could not satisfy the public use requirement of Article 1 11 of the Connecticut Constitution (equivalent to the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States) which reads in pertinent part The property of no person shall be taken for public use, without just compensation therefore. n20 The petitioners submitted that a taking cannot be for a public use if it is motivated by a private entity. . . and if ultimately a private entity is to determine the fate of the property owners. . . . n21 The Superior Court found that broad statements on public use and regard to the legislature moldiness be qualified. n22 The Superior Court further stated of its role in eminent domain actions If the court considers the *383 purpose not to be fair(a) or connected to a valid public use, it is the calling of the court to declare the act authorizing the taking as unconstitutional. n23 After review of the facts, the Superior Court held that the statements regarding the use of parcel 4A were too vague and uncertain to allow the court to conclude the takings here were requirement and would not be unreasonable. n24 The court granted a permanent injunction against destroying the properties located in parcel 4A and granted a temporary injunction against the destruction of the properties in parcel 3 after finding that the takings were justified as to allow the petitioners to appeal without losing their homes. n25 Both parties appealed the trial courts judgment to the Supreme Court of Connecticut.n26 The appellate court stated that since the takings were authorized by the legislature, the old-hat the bench must pay was one of unreasonableness, bad faith, or abuse of power. n27 Upon a finding that the proposed uses were not attributable to the above factors, the court affi rmed the judgment for the parcel 3 takings and reversed the judgment regarding parcel 4A, allowing both parcels to be seized through eminent domain. n28 The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari and affirmed the judgment of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. n29 III. Decision and RationaleA. The Majority Opinion of the Court The Supreme Court held that the takings proposed by the City for the purpose of economic development are for a public use as tell by the Fifth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. n30 It has been well established that the government is barred from taking private property solely for the purpose of transferring it to a private entity for its use. n31 The Court analyzed whether New London would be barred from taking property from petitioners to allocate to private parties for support services for Pfizer, a private corporation.n32 In order for the takings at issue here to violate the public use *384 clause, the plan must move over been adopted wi th the purpose of benefiting a particular class of identifiable individuals. n33 The Court stated that the governments pursuit of a public purpose allow for often benefit individual private parties. n34 The Court directed the focal point to be on the future use of the taking, rather than on the immediate benefit. n35 The Court warned that by pore solely on the benefit to private parties, the purpose of the taking becomes confused with the mechanics of how the resulting public benefit was accomplished.n36 The Court relied on this rationale to find that the use of private parties to further the public benefit was an acceptable method to achieve public use. However, a determination clam up had to be made regarding whether the development plan encompassed public use of the condemned property. n37 Even though, in this case, the property would not be opened for use by the general public, the Court had previously embraced a broad interpretation of public use that was satisfied in th is situation.n38 At the end of the nineteenth century, the Court began to apply a public purpose standard, effectively rejecting the feel that the general public must be allowed actual use of the taken property. n39 Therefore, the Court applied this public purpose standard to New Londons development plan which promoted creating jobs, generating tax revenue, and helping to build momentum for the revival of downtown New London. n40 The Court regardd how the concept of eminent domain met the changing quests of society during its public purpose analysis. n41 In Berman v.Parker, n42 the Court upheld a plan seeking to distribute property in a blighted area to both public and private entities for the purpose of redevelopment and found that non-blighted property was still a justified taking because the project was analyzed as a whole. n43 Thirty years later, the Court decided Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff n44 where it found that the elimination of a land oligopoly was a competen t public use even though the property was put back in the hands of private parties. n45 In the same year, the *385 Court held in Ruckleshaus v.Monsanto n46 that the benefit to competition in the pesticide market outweighed any benefit given to subsequent applicants. n47 The Court applied this trend of increasingly broad interpretations of the phrase public use to the facts of the represent case and found that New Londons redevelopment plan served a public purpose. n48 New London developed a plan that it hoped would enable the city to overcome its economic strains. This plan included a variety of commercial, residential, and recreational uses of land, with the hope that they would form a whole greater than the sum of its parts. n49 According to Berman, the Court cannot judge the plan on a piecemeal basis, but must examine the possible outcomes of the plan as a whole. n50 The Court compared the economic benefit in this case to the previously mentioned cases and found no reason to dis tinguish between economic benefit received through tax revenue and change magnitude job prospects from the economic benefits that have been previously upheld by the Court. n51 This rationale was further justified after looking at at New Londons development plan.n52 Courts have long deferred to the decisions of state legislatures, absent a showing that the purpose was illegitimate or that the taking was validated by irrational justification. n53 The Courts office staff is to adjudicate the issue of public use and once that issue has been resolved, the legislature may use its discretion in determining by what means the plan will be accomplished. n54 The Court pointed out that states are able to place restrictions on its ability to procure property through eminent domain.n55 In this case, Connecticut had a statute specifically permitting the use of eminent domain for economic development. n56 As a result of this deference to legislation, combined with a broad interpretation of publi c use and the allowance of private parties as an intermediary towards the final tendency of public purpose, the Court held that New Londons proposed takings satisfied the *386 public use requirement of the Fifth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. n57 B.The Concurring Opinion of Justice Kennedy Justice Kennedy emphasized the utilization of a rational-basis standard of review for cases analyzing the public use clause. n58 Weighing this with the idea that transfers intended to confer benefits on particular, favored private entities, and with only incidental or pretextual public benefits, are forbidden by the Public Use clause, Justice Kennedy stated that courts should seriously investigate accusations of private party favoritism by the government entity.n59 Petitioners attempted to establish a demand for a rule that presumptively invalidates any takings for purposes of economic development in order to allow the Court to discover the true motives behind the takings. n60 Justice Ke nnedy pointed out that the trial court in this case carefully examined the evidence and found that the primary motivation of the plan was to utilize Pfizers presence in the city to create an increase in commerce, a finding that discriminated the need to establish a higher standard of review in this case.n61 He was careful to note that some cases may warrant a laying claim of invalidity. n62 However, Justice Kennedy stated that because the city developed a plan with substantial anticipated economic benefits that was typeface to the review of the citys underlying motivations, and because the identities of the private entities were not established at the onset of the development planning, this case presented no circumstances that would justify an increased standard of review. C. The disagree Opinion of Justice OConnor, joined by the top dog Justice, Justice Scalia, and Justice ThomasJustice OConnor disagreed with the majoritys opinion which stated that there were incidental privat e benefits in this case that were inferior to a substantial public benefit. n63 She felt that the reverse was true, and that by ruling in such a way, the Court had effectivelydeleted the words for public use from the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. n64 This was coherent with the petitioners argument stating that the government may not take their property for the private use of other owners barely because the *387 new owners may make more productive use of the property. n65 The forego of this argument was based upon the judiciarys position to determine the meaning of public use as it differed from the legislatures opinion. n66 Justice OConnor conceded that the Court should defer to the legislatures determination of what constitutes public use. n67 However, if the legislatures power to define this term was unlimited, without the possibility of a review from the judiciary branch, the Public Use Clause would amount to little more than hortatory fluff. n68 Justice OConnor rec ognized that certain circumstances exist in which the Public Use Clause should be interpreted broadly. She disagreed, however, that this should be a generalized safekeeping allowing the inclusion of economic development as a public purpose. n69 As support for this argument, Justice OConnor distinguished deuce of the cases upon which the majority relied to reach their holding. n70 In Berman, the Court upheld a taking of blighted property, part of which was passed to private parties for the saki of redevelopment.n71 Congress had determined that the blighted area was hazardous to the health, safety, morals, and welfare, and thus eminent domain was appropriate to eliminate these conditions. n72 Looking at the neighborhood as a whole, the public purpose of eliminating hazardous conditions took precedence over allowing an owner of a non-blighted store to keep his property. n73 In Midkiff, the Court upheld a taking for the purpose of eliminating a land oligopoly that was skewing the Stat es residential fee saucer-eyed market, inflating land prices, and injuring the public tranquility and welfare. n74 Justice OConnor distinguished the deuce cases from the case at bar because the takings in Berman and Midkiff eliminated an affirmative harm on society rather than the public receiving a benefit that was secondary to private parties benefit. n75 By distinguishing the above cases, Justice OConnor found that precedent did not compel the majority to uphold such a broad rule that contained no limitations. n76 *388 D. The Dissenting Opinion of Justice Thomas Justice Thomas agreed that replacing the words public use with public purpose effectively erased the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment.n77 He stated that the present case is not the only case that has misconstrued the Takings Clause rather, the line of cases leading up to the present have strayed from the Clauses original meaning. n78 Examining the address of the Fifth Amendment, Justice Thomas concluded that the phrase public use would be unnecessary verbiage if not interpreted as a limitation, and thus states that the Public Use Clause is therefore an express limit on the governments power of eminent domain. n79After examining the plain language of the public use requirement, Justice Thomas further concluded that the drafters intended the clause to carry a undertake meaning requiring actual public employment of the taken property. n80 He also analyzed the Constitutions case in point background as well as the historical uses of eminent domain to reach the same narrow definition of public use. n81 Justice Thomas then examined a case relied on by the majority, Fallbrook Irrigation Dist. v. Bradley, n82 by stating that the majority improperly relied on dicta in the case that was unnecessarily broad and cited no supporting authority.n83 This reason was brought up again by Justice Thomas when discussing United States v. Gettysburg Electric R. Co. , n84 from which the court relied on dict a stating that the judiciary shall respect the legislatures judgment when deciding a question of public use unless that judgment is unreasonable. n85 Justice Thomas claimed that the courts should not exhibit deference to the decisions of the legislature in such cases because a court owes no deference to a legislatures judgment concerning the quintessentially legal question of whether the government owns, or the public has a legal right to use, the taken property. n86 He also hypothesized that the Framers would not have subjected only the Public Use Clause to legislative deference out of all the provisions of the Bill of Rights. n87 He further argued that the Public Use Clause limits the legislative power of eminent domain, and thus by removing *389 the power of the judiciary to oversee the limitation of that power, the purpose of the Clause is eliminated. n88 He analyzed the two cases Berman and Midkiff, and stated that the Court was wrong in those cases to equate the eminent domain power with the police power of the States. n89 He differentiated the two powers by concluding that the habitual uses of police power do not require compensation to the citizens, while the uses of eminent domain unendingly require compensation, concluding that the two powers were separate. n90 Justice Thomas further concluded that the combination of the above factors constructively eliminates the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment, and he therefore stated that the appropriate interpretation of public use is that the property be used by the government or the public. n91 IV. AnalysisPublic policy dictates that the government should not be expected to compensate owners that hold out on selling their property in order to demand an unreasonably high payment. The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment effectively overcomes this social detriment however, the public policy benefit favoring governmental takings needs to be balanced against the public policy favoring a citizens righ t to keep his property. With this in mind, the Framers added the Public Use Clause to the Fifth Amendment in order to limit the governments power to exercise eminent domain at its own discretion.Courts also need to remember this desire for balance between competing public policy issues when interpreting the Public Use Clause. The Supreme Court has gradually shaped the Public Use Clause to allow, in theory, any taking by the government that benefits the public regardless of whether that proposed effect is primary or secondary, substantial or minimal. The latest holding regarding eminent domain from the Supreme Court in Kelo allowed the taking of property for the abstract reasons of increased tax revenue and job opportunities.In the Courts holding, there were no express limitations on this new ability to assume property for such intangible benefits. Conversely, the Court stated that deference should be given to the legislatures decision of the correctness of the taking. n92 While the Court reviewed a comprehensive plan developed by the City outlining the intended uses of the condemned property, it did not require the City to show any proof that the intended uses *390 were reasonably certain to result in the proposed public benefit.n93 The Court reasoned that if it were to impose such a requirement of proof, a significant preventative to the in(predicate) consummation of many such plans would result. n94 While there is a significant interest in promoting commerce, the Court seemingly overlooks the equally significant interest of affording homeowners protection from unnecessary takings. It seems reasonable to expect that if a city has an extensively planned development plan, such as was exhibited by the city of New London, it should further have planned out the financial details of such a development plan.This one special step in the planning of the proposed takings could eliminate development plans that successfully complete the takings story of the plan onl y to have the financing fall through, thus leaving the condemned homes empty and the land wasted. The police of waste is a basic property concept stating that land should be used in a way that maximizes the propertys value. n95 There can be no greater waste of property than to force owners to admit their homes and then allow the property to remain vacant while sources of funding are sought.There are many examples illustrating the aftermath of approving such a plan without forcing the legislature to obtain the means to launch that plan earlier issuing condemnation. n96 One particularly unjust case took place in Cincinnati, Ohio. n97 Nordstrom, the retail store, decided to locate in the city of Cincinnati. n98 However, a Walgreens store currently occupied the location that it wanted. n99 Walgreens agreed to move to a new location, but the new location was home to a CVS store.n100 The CVS store refused to move, and the city initiated condemnation proceedings in order to utilize its power of eminent domain, *391 after which CVS agreed to settle. n101 The colony required that the city move Walgreens to the lot across the street from CVS, which unfortunately held many piddling businesses of which the city condemned in order to give the land to Walgreens. n102 The problem looked resolved (at the expense of the small businesses that were forced to closing their doors), but the city overlooked a clause in the agreement with Nordstrom.n103 Under the parties initial agreement, the city agreed to leave vacant the very parcel that it had just handed to Walgreens so that additional upscale shops could be built adjacent to Nordstrom. n104 The city never rearranged the parcels, and Nordstrom never began building. n105 Nordstrom eventually announced that it would no longer be opening in Cincinnati on account of declining profit margins. n106 The city paved the vacant lot so that it could exist as a parking lot. n107Luckily, a similar situation was resolved between the N ew London Development Corporation (NLDC) and Corcoran Jennison, the developer with whom the city contracted to build the hotel and convention center in Fort Trumbell. n108 An Associated Press article revealed that the NLDC claimed that Corcoran Jennison failed to find financing for the project and thus wanted to downgrade the quality of the hotel. n109 Corcoran Jennison rebutted that the NLDC was at fault because it set unrealistic standards for the hotel that were not economically feasible. n110 The president of the company, Marty Jones, stated that the company felt that the NLDCs simulated military operation did not serve the communitys interests in generating timely economic development and new tax revenue at Fort Trumbull. n111 According to David Goebel, Chief Operating Officer of the NLDC, as of September 7, 2005, Corcoran Jennison has since obtained zoning approval for the plan and the plan is undergoing review as per the development agreement. n112 While funds have not been secured yet, the *392 developer is currently engage final financial arrangements for construction of the hotel.n113 The fact that the city possessed an extensive proposed development plan could not have curtailed the dispute between the NLDC and the developer. The city is fortunate that it was able to compromise on its plan, thus preserving the premise that legitimized the takings, even though final funding is still absent from the project. However, a better safeguard than manifestly being fortunate should be required by the Court before upholding such takings. This safeguard is simple and legitimate require proof to a reasonable certainty that such benefit will occur.If the city had been required to show proof of its financial backing, the developer would have been forced to find final funding before the condemnations were upheld by the Supreme Court. If the city of Cincinnati had been required to prove to a reasonable certainty that condemning small businesses for the sake of m oving the Walgreens would allow a Nordstrom store to open in the city, perhaps city officials would not have missed the clause in the contract which delayed development of the store after which Nordstrom could no longer afford to open there.If the Court is unwilling to review the decisions of state legislatures, then it should impose a different safeguard for the property owners. This safeguard was appropriately suggested by the petitioners in Kelo and the benefit of such a review was promptly disregarded by the majority. n114 While it can be assumed that the legislature will not abuse its discretionary power, it is unreasonable to think a legislature that favors using eminent domain for the purposes of economic development will subject itself to safeguards favoring the property owners if it is not held to any review by the courts.With this in mind, some legislatures are taking it upon themselves to impose either stricter guidelines regulating the Public Use Clause or they are expre ssly stating that economic development is not a proper interpretation of public use. n115 This is testify by the fact that just five weeks after the U. S. Supreme Court upheld the use of eminent domain to seize private property for economic development, more than half of the states have introduced legislation to thwart potential abuses. n116 A legislative change route was suggested by the majority opinion and was apparently embraced by twenty-eight states. much(prenominal) a change is also being embraced by federal legislation, as the House of Representatives is currently examining a bill that *393 prohibits the dispersion of government funding to any city that uses eminent domain as a means to promote private commercial development. n117 While these twenty-eight states have taken the responsibility to catch the fair treatment of their citizens, there remain twenty-two states that have not dealt with this pressing issue.For that reason, it is imperative that courts examine the p ossibility that the legislation might not have obtained all the avenues (and financing) necessary to achieve a successful result for both the city and the property owner. A balance can be struck between the needs of the public via eminent domain and the needs of the private property owner who is sacrificing his home for the public utility. The implication of a simple safeguard requiring a city to prove that its plan will be successful in achieving a public benefit is all that stands in the way of achieving this balance.V. Conclusion mellow domain is a necessary action employed by legislatures for a variety of reasons. The Court held in Kelo v. City of New London that economic development was an appropriate reason for which eminent domain could be exercised. While noting that the city of New London possessed a comprehensive development plan, the Court enforce no express restrictions upon the ability of the legislature to exercise eminent domain for such purposes.The Court spurned t he petitioners argument that the city should be required to show to a reasonable certainty that the public benefit would occur before the condemnation was allowed. This lack of legislative review by the Court constructively removed the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment of the Federal Constitution as the legislature now has save reign with which to decide for itself whether a proposed taking constitutes public use. While there is an assumption that the legislature will not abuse its power when deciding to take its citizens property, it should not be assumed that the same legislature will take the appropriate measures to safeguard that its citizens property will be utilized successfully. These measures should be implement by the Court in the form of a review requiring the city to show with a reasonable certainty that the public benefit will occur. Th

Mother and Twin Brothers Eli Essay Example for Free

Mother and Twin Brothers Eli EssayIn The Droughtlanders, by Carrie Mac, Twin brothers Eli and bent, both Keylanders, live inside a privileged and protected city surround by huge w altogethers to protect them from the filthy, sick Droughlanders. Elis mother teaches him to view Droughtlanders sympathetically and Eli changes his opinion astir(predicate)(predicate) them. As a result Eli joins a rebellion group against the Keylands.Initially circle is furious approximately Elis decision and attempts to hunt Eli and kill him but ultimately realizes the truth and joins his brother. At the beginning Eli and readiness have a bitter hate for each other which intensifies due to their different view points regarding the Droughtlanders. In the end, they make up and the hate they had mingled with them fades away. Right from the start Eli and curing do not cause along, this relationship soon turns into hate and distrust between them. Near the end circle also changes his spirit about Droughtlanders and they get along.From the beginning Eli and Seth dislike each other because of Seths changeless harassment. Seth is constantly making harsh jokes about Elis bladder problem, do you have to pattern down like a girl? (36). This mention shows how Seth bullies Eli. Seth and Eli get in a lot of fights and Seth says mean thinks like If father wasnt in the room Id kick your face in (44). Seth bullies Eli because he thinks that he is weak and pathetic. After getting in yet another fight Seth says to Eli You really are a baby. Get a diaper, Eliza (55). Eli hates Seths bullying and they never get along. They have always had a poor relationship, but it becomes worse once Eli sympathizes with the Droughtlanders.Seth and Elis relationship and distrust gets even worse. When the explosion goes off where their mother is, Eli cries Maman. She was in in that location, Seth (45). Eli had a very strong connection with his mom, but Seth not so much. Eli tells Seth how their father killed their mother and Seth whispers into his ear Say that one more time, or to anyone else, ever, and I exit kill you (54). This quote demonstrates how seriously angry they are with each other. Eli tries to tell Seth that their mother was a rebel but Seth responds That is the stupidest thing I have ever heard you say (56). This quote illustrates how much distrust they have between them. When Eli secretly leaves to look for the Droughtlander rebels, Seth views him as a treasonist and this betrayal leads to Seth hunting Eli.When Seth finally catches up with Eli, he tells Seth the truth about their mothers death and how their father was responsible. Seth also comes to accept the Droughtlanders for the decent and ill-treated mess they are. Eli and Seth find each other in a forest. When Eli heard the name hes not been called in so long, he felt some thing snap with a sharp, stir pain. Keenly aware of his intentions, he brought out his own knife and in one fluid drive flicked the w ider blade open, turned and plunged the knife through Seths pants and as deep as it would go (300). It is this moment that Seth gains respect for Eli and starts to question his own beliefs. After Seth is captured he does his offense inventory and comes to realize how horrible of a person he was. Although Eli is still very angry with Seth, Seth says, Im sorry, Eli, for being such a terrible brother (317).This is the start to their relationship reuniting. They treat and finally agree about the tragic events that lead to their mothers death. Sabine, their triplet sister, is also there and for the first time they all connect peacefully. During the circus they all collapse and are sent to the infirmary. They speculated on why only now they felt a connection (323). They figured it was because this was the first time they were all happy together. In the end, Seth and Eli are no longer enemies and can be happy.The relationship between Seth and Eli started with mutual hostility and ended i n admiration. It is a unique relationship between Seth and Eli in search of the truth. Eli pursues the truth of his mothers legacy as Seth searches for the truth about Elis defection.

Industrialised Building System: Precast Concrete Elements

industrialized Building ashes Precast concrete ElementsIn Malaysia, the writ of execution of Industrialised Building System (IBS) by employ formed concrete elements were introduced since 1966 when the sourceities lauched devil witnesss which involves the difficult body part of Rifle range Road Flats in Penang and Tuanku Abdul Rahman Flats in Kuala Lumpur.From the be conducted by CIDB Malaysia, the take away of customs duty in IBS in the topical anesthetic edifice effort is 15 % in 2003 although m whatever political science initiatives be in possession of been introduced to encourage the engagement of IBS. in that respectfore a development is conducted to larn provideing be conducted to study the current aw atomic number 18ness of the customs duty of IBS in Malaysia.Furthermore this study bequeath be conducted to analyse ship potbellyal to emend the implementation of IBS in the local complex body part industriousness.Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Rationale for the enquiryIndustrialised Building System (IBS) was introduced since the 60s in Malaysia. There argon several benefits of IBS much(prenominal) as speed up the turn progress and possibly reduce get the picture force, construction greet and risk as payoffously. nonethe little IBS concur m all an(prenominal) benefits precisely at that place is still have some problems in implementing IBS into the construction labor mainly due to need of cheatledge in IBS among the contractor. investigate done by Lim Sin Peng in grade 2009 showed that the habit or implementation suffer of IBS is still emit in Malaysia construction patience. concord to structure Industry Development Board (CIDB) (2003b) report construction hurtle using IBS in Malaysia stands 15 percentage (%) in the year 2003 and the complete project using IBS in year 2006 only 10 % ( CIDB, 2007b) less than one-third of the get construction project (using at to the lowest degree one IBS product) in year 2006 (CI DB 2007a). The scratch IBS project, Pekeliling Flat, was initiated by the Government at Jalan Pekeliling, Kuala Lumpur in 1964. The implementation of IBS in Malaysia was not sanitary authorized by the construction industry after the premier(prenominal) adoption of IBS proves to be a failure in keeping to construction monetary value within the estimated budget. Thus, the aim of study is to change the perception of the construction industry towards IBS.1.2 Problem StatementThe implementation take of IBS is perceived to be lower compargond to the gains outlined by the construction industry. The following questions need to be answered before the issues could be addressedQuestion 1 What is the implementation level of IBS in Malaysia construction industry?If the implementation level of IBS is acquire low in Malaysia construction industry, then only back proceed to the next look question.Question 2 Why thither are fewer contractors implementing in IBS?This will provide some idea s that just intimately what stop the contractors from using IBS.Question 3 How to motivate contractor to implementing in IBS?This will provide recommendation to increase the level of implementation to dally the objectives of CIDB and Government to provide better product in construction industry.1.3 query AimThe research aim is to examine the reasons and factors of why fewer contractors implement IBS in Malaysia construction industry1.4 only iftsThe objectives of this study are to ready the implementation level of IBS here in Kuala Lumpur as general of Malaysia. The study similarly situates the barriers to contractors for not implementing IBS. In addition, it also evaluates the usefulness and advantages of using IBS. Moreover, the study also is to recommend factors that would encourage contractor to implement IBS.1.5 splendor and Benefits of StudyThe importance of this study is to keep out the reasons of unpopularity of this placement in Malaysia in comparison to differ ent countries such as lacquer, Singapore, and United Kingdom (UK) which have implemented the IBS successfully. In chapter 2, the literary works reviews will discussed further. Beside that, the benefits of this study areGetting familiar with the concept of IBSClear of view on the type and characteristics of IBSGet to know the level of acceptance of IBS in Malaysia construction industryVisualized the benefits and limitation of using IBS1.6 Scope of Research and LimitationIn the dissertation, the scope of study will on focus on the adoption level of using IBS especially in the contractor point of view. Further more, some reasons and factors that might affect the implementation of IBS and what would be the best motivations for contractor to use IBS will be discuss as well. The limitation of this research is the questionnaire requires a lot of respondent around 200 and it does not ensure that they will make any feedback. Due to the limitation of the transport and there are many contr actor firms, so this research will only remain in Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley area.1.7 Research Methodology1.7.1 QuestionnaireQuantitative organization will be apply to conduct this research. Question perspective will be conducted for targeting respondent from Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley area to determine their awareness of the certain issues or factors. This method will take some time of conducting a survey, so time must be allowed for late returns and responses to follow up attempts. Moreover, this is the simplest way to obtain development from targeted groups. data collected from questionnaire will firstly check for the accuracy before carried out to work out the depth psychology by using statistical analy babe software such as SPSS.Objective 1To find out the implementation level of IBS in MalaysiaObjective 2Determine the barriers for contractor to implement IBS literature ReviewQuantitative methodObjective 3Evaluate the positive effect of using IBSQuestionnaireObjective 4Give factors that would encourage contractor to implement IBSAnalyze and develop solutionsSPSS softwareAchieve aim and objectives.Conclusion and passportFigure Research Methodological Method1.8 Structure of DissertationThis dissertation is consists of quintuple (5) chapters as described as belowChapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter includes brief score of the problem tilt with the aim of conducting this research and its aim and objectives. It also includes the scope of study and benefits of the study. In addition, a brief description of the method that employ in study, collecting relevant data and information. A brief introduction on the subsequent chapters is discussed as well.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis chapter focuses on the review made from articles, journal, newspapers cutting, quotes from authors and online articles related to IBS. The primal part of this chapter is to discuss in depth about the benefits of using IBS, limitation of using IBS and barriers implementing IBS in construction industry of Malaysia.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyThis chapter explains the methodology will adopted in detail including the method utilize by the researcher to achieve the preliminary mentioned objective for the research purpose.Chapter 4 Analysis of the ResultsThis Chapter will covers the presentation on the result from carries out the data collected from the respondents through the survey questionnaire will be analyzed and will be tabulated in the form of chart and discussed in detail.Chapter 5 Conclusion and RecommendationThis chapter concludes the research, its findings and analysis regarding the issue of the study including the limitations encountered during the research. The last part of this chapter is the recommendations and some personal comment had been given to improve the study as well as future research.Chapter 2.0 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionIn this chapter, the author reviewed works done by others through journals, articles, newspaper cut ting, and quotes from authors and online articles collected. IBS clay is a process to speed up the construction work and to minimize the dependency of labour on web grade.The objective of this study is further discussed about the barriers of contractor in implementing IBS. Besides that, this chapter also will focus on the basic review of IBS such as definitions, background, types and characteristics in IBS and have a basic introduction about the detail of IBS.Industrialised build is the term given to building technology where modern systematized methods of instauration, production planning and run across as well as mechanized and automate manufacture are applied (Ingemar Lofgren and Kent Gylltoft, 2000)While Building system ba leashdly a building system includes design rules and a product system whose parts have matched interfaces, thus permitting the use of several alternative components and assemblies is assured by means of a dimensional and allowance account system as w ell as connection and joint (Ingemar Lofgren and Kent Gylltoft, 2000)2.2 Definition of IBSThere was no usually accepted or agreed definition of IBS. Several authors have delineate IBS as process or a technique. Blimas et. al. (2006) and Pan et. al. (2008) delineate that IBS is often referred by literatures as off -site construction, off-site production, change and automated construction.Warszawski (1999) explain in detail that an industrialized process is and investment in equipment, facilities, and technology with the objective of increase production output, minimising labour resource, and improving tone of voice while a building system is defined as a set of interconnected element joint together to enable the designated performance of a building. other definition by Trikha (1999) claimed that IBS also may be defined in which all building components such as wall, stratum slab, column and staircase are big bucks produced either n factory or at site under strict quality cont rol and minimal on site activitiesanother(prenominal) definition that clarified by Junid (1986) where IBS as process by which components of building are conceived, planned and fabricated, transported and erected at site. The system includes balance combination between software and hardware component. The software elements include system design, which is complex process of studying the requirement of the end user, market analysis and the development of standardise component, establishment of manufacturing and gather layout and process, allocation of resources and poppycocks and definition of a building designer conceptual framework.The software elements provide a prerequisite to create the conducive environment for industrialised to expand. consort to Junid (1986), the hardware elements are categorised into three study groups. These include frame or post and beam system, panel system, and incase system. The framed structures are defined as those structure that carry the cores t hrough their beams and girders to columns and to the ground whilst in panel system load are distri hardlyed through bighearted floor and wall panels. The box systems include those system that employ 3-dimensional modules (or boxes) for fabrication of habitable units are capable of withstand load from various directions due to their internal stability.CIDB defined IBS as construction system whereby the components are manfactured in a factory, on-site or off-site, then positioned and assembled into structures with minimal addtional site work.2.3 Classifications of IBSThis incision will focus on the compartmentalisation of the building system that are make internationally and in MalaysiaThere are four types of building system under IBS in Malaysia and there are namely conventional column-beam-slab frame systems with timber and plywood as formwork, cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork, prefabricated system and the composite building system is shown in dactyl 2.1 . Each building system is represented by its construction technology, functional and geometrical configuration (Badir et al, 1998). (cited at Thanoon et. al., 2003)According to Majzub (1977) has different concept in classifying building system that is the relative weight of the components should be used as a basis for building classification shown in figure 2.2. The factor of weight has satisfying impact on the transportability of the components and also has influences on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. This classification method is found to be inadequate to incorporate other building system flourish recently.There are five types of IBS had world used in Malaysia(IBS Road Maps 2003-2010) typewrite 1 Pre-Cast Concrete material body, embellish and Box SystemThe most common group of IBS products is pre-cast concrete of elements in construction industry. For example, there are including columns, beams, slabs, Three-Dimension (3D) components (balconies, staircase, toilet, lift chambers), eternal concrete formwork, and so on. (CIDB, 2005). Pre-cast concrete physique, panel and box system is under categories of prefabricated system. The advantage using this is because it deals minimum waste due to work environment in factory is easier to control. Panel system is use for the construction of interior walls and exterior walls offer speed of construction in many ways. For box system will achieve ultimate objective of industrialization that is a maximum saving of gentleman labour on site.Figure Pre-cast Concrete ElementsType 2 Steel Formwork SystemsThis system considered as least prefabricated IBS, as they generally involve site casting and subject to offer high quality finishes and spry construction with less site labour can come in tunnel formwork, beams, columns, and slab moulding forms permanent steel formworks (metal decks) and so on. (CIDB, 2005) The steel formwork is prefabricated in the factory and then installed on site.Figure Steel Formwork SystemsType 3 Steel Framing SystemThis system always be the popular choice and used intensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Recent development in this types system included the change magnitude usage of light steel trusses. Steel is non combustible material and improves fire safety and reduces amount of structural indemnification in the event of a fire happen. Example Steel beam, columns, portal frames, roof trusses. (CIDB, 2005). Steel framing also consider as prefabricated system and it to be erected whereby welding at joints are conducted. This system cans straightaway the progress construction.Figure Steel Frame SystemsType 4 Prefabricate Timber Framing SystemWhile the latter are more popular, timber building frame offering interesting designs from hearth units to buildings requiring high esthetical values such as chalets for resortsExample Timber frame, timber roof trusses (CIDB, 2005). The advantage of the system is mainly in the interior flexibility, as large space can be used for different functions and can be easily changed or modified according to the use.Figure Prefabricated Timber Framing SystemType 5 Block Work SystemThis system has revolutionizes by the development and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks. The tedious and time-consuming traditional brick-laying tasks are greatly simplified by the usage of there effective alternative solutions. Block work system also consider under prefabricated system. The benefits of block work system are faster construction and increase bricklayer longevity. Moreover, its also increased energy savings like lightweight concretes resistance to heat flow is twice of medium and gravid weight concrete, its mean that less heating/cooling energy is needed.Figure Block work2.4 Characteristics of IBSIt is eventful to have the following characteristics only consider to be accepted as part of the IBS and ensure the skil l of proven benefits of IBS. Each of them will be discuss briefly at below (CIDB 2008)Industrial production of components though pre-fabrication or highly mechanized in-situ processes. For example, permanent steel formworkReduced labour during pre-fabrication of the components and site works.Modern design and manufacturing methods involving information Technology such as the usage of Computer Aided design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)Systematic Quality control such as ISO 9000 principlesOpen Building opinion i.e permitting the hybrid applications, and adaptable to standardization and Modular Coordination (MC)Figure The Characteristics of Building SystemSources Adopted from Abdullah M.R., 20092.5 Implementation take aim of IBS in MalaysiaThe use of IBS have various advantages such as the reduction dependency of unconnected workers, less wastage, less volume of building materials, increased environmental and construction site cleanliness and better quality control co mpare to conventional method.These advantages also promote a safer and more organised construction site, and reduce the finis time of construction. Many world-class Malaysian developers have chosen IBS over the conventional methods for important projects such as the Petronas Twin Towers, Putrajaya, KL Sentral, and KLIA. (IBS Roadmap, 2003 -2010)Even so, the usage level of IBS in building is still low. From a survey conducted by CIDB Malaysia, the usage level of IBS in the local construction industry stands at only 15% (IBS Survey 2003). The early efforts of the Government to encourage the use of IBS in the construction sector has yet to gather up a good response, and this sector is still practicing conventional construction methods that have proven time and once more to be wasteful, dangerous and messy. Relatively, the low labour cost in this country is the root cause of the industry failing to reform and being complacent with the current level of productivity, quality and safety. (IBS Roadmap, 2003 -2010)Moreover, according to the newspaper the star 2009 stated that Jamilus explained that IBS was a construction technique in which components were manufactured in a controlled environment (on-site, off-site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site work. Beside that, out of 1,400 contractors in Johor, there only 4% of it are using this systems. Moreover, he said that since year 2008, there only 51 contractors in the state have been reported to use the IBS system in their building projects and the number were expected improve in time. (The star, 2009)2.6 Malaysias Experiences in IBSThe usage of IBS is not new in the Malaysia construction industry. The idea using IBS in Malaysia was first purpose during the early 60s when the Minister housing and Local Government visited several European countries and evaluated their building system performance. At the time, the government makes a big decision to give a try on a two pi lot projects using IBS concept. The first project, Pekeliling Flat was constructed along Jalan Pekeliling with construction of 7 blocks of 17 storey flats, and 4 blocks of 4 storey flats comprising around 3,000 units of low cost flats and 40 storey shop lot and this project using large panel industrialized prefabricated systems. On the other hand, the second project was built in Penang with the construction of 6 blocks of 17 storey flats and 3 blocks of 18 storey flats comprising 3,699 units and 66 shop heaps along the Jalan Rifle Range and this project was using the French Estiot System (Din, 1984).Even though the first implementation IBS was not successful due to the failure to keep within cost estimation but there are some successful adoption too. Among the significant projects that implement IBS are including KL Sentral. KL Convention Centre, KLIA, etc following(a) is the Successful implemented of IBS throughout Malaysia (CIDB Malaysia, 2003) grade 2007 Stormwater Management a nd Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel), Kuala Lumpur The Spring Shopping Mall, Kuching, Sarawak yr 2006 Kuching International Airport, Kuching, Sarawak Persada Johor International Convention Centre, Johor BahruYear 2005 Serdang Hospital, Serdang, Selangor The Curve, Mutiara Damansara, SelangorYear 2001 Kuala Lumpur Sentral ( KL Sentral), Kuala Lumpur Likas Stadium, Kota Kinabalu, SabahYear 1998 Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), Sepang, Selangor Malawati Indoor Satdium, Bukit Jalil, SelangorYear 1997 Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur Bukit Jalil, Bukit Jalil, SalangorYear 1984 Daybumi Complex, Kuala LumpurYear 1981 High end bungalows and low cost houses throughout Selangor2.7 The Advantages for IBS adoption in Construction IndustryThere are some several advantages using IBS (MCRJ, 2009)1. Reduce Remittances by foreign workerThe Government aimed to achieve 100 percent usage of IBS and to reduce to 15 percent or approximately 50,000 of foreign workers in the construction industr y by 2010. With the current foreign workers totaling 227,000, the remittances of the foreign workers amounted to about 7.5 billion. It is expected that the Government would be able to reduce the remittances with the full implementation of IBS. (Bernama.com, 2006)2. Enhance Efficiency of Construction Process and Higher ProductivityIBS is a methodology whereby a local construction industry is control towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost saving. (CIDB, 2004)3. Produce Better ProductIBS promises elevated levels of expertise throughout the industry, from manufacturers, installers, engineers, planners, designers, and developers. The benefits of IBS will ultimately produce better products for the population (CIDB, 2003) 4. Reduce Wastage, Less Site Materials, Costs, Cleaner and Neater EnvironmentThe IBS, which enables on-site prefabricated or pre-cast building components manufactured at factories offers minimal wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction cost (CIDB, 2003). For example, the clamant use of system formwork made up of steel, aluminium, etc and scaffolding provides considerable cost savings (Bing et al. 2001).5. Higher Quality of ComponentAn industrialised building system component produces higher quality of components attainable through careful selection of materials, use of advanced technology and strict quality authorisation control (Din,1984)6. Reduce Labour at SitePrefabrication takes place at a centralised factory, thus reducing labour requirement at site. This is true especially when high degree of mechanisation is tough (Warszawski, 1999)7. Faster CompletionAn industrialised building system allows for faster c onstruction time because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at site can occur simultaneously. This provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Waleed et al., 2003)8. Not Affected by Adverse Weather ConditionConstruction operation is not affected by adverse hold up condition because prefabricated component is done in a factory controlled environment (Waleed et al., 2003)9. Flexible DesignAn industrialised building system allows fexibility in architectural design in order to minimise the monotony of repetitive facades (Warszawski, 1999). An industrialised building system provides flexibility in the design of precast element as well as in construction so that different systems may produce their own unique prefabrication construction methods (Zaini, 2000)2.8 Barriers of Adoption in Malaysia Construction IndustryIBS can replace the conventional building system which is labour oriented However, since the first pro ject of IBS not well accepted by construction parties because of fail to assume with the risks such failure of keep within the cost estimate. For example, the first project incurred 8.1 % higher costs than a similar building that using conventional construction method, while the second project was 2.6% lower than the cost. both(prenominal) projects also completed in 27 months in term of compare to the construction speed but are inclusive the time of set up the recasting factories too. When come to the quality, the conventional method seems have better quality than IBS. In conclusion, there is a competitive with conventional construction method.Even though IBS is good to implement due to its advantages but the implementation of usage level is still very low. According to Waleed et. al. (2003), the common consensus of all the stakeholders of construction in Malaysia is that, the IBS implementation in Malaysian building construction industry is still very low compared to the conventi onal methods. This is due to several reasons(MCRJ, 2009)1. Costs and Return Investment enormous swings in houses demand, high interest rate and cheap labour cost, make it difficult to justify large capital investment. At present there is an abundance of cheap foreign workers in Malaysia and contractors prefer to use labour intensive conventional building system because it is far easier to lay off workers during slack period. The stinting benefits of IBS are not well documented in Malaysia and the past experiences indicated IBS is more expensive due to roughshod competition from conventional building system.2. Lack of skilled and knowledgeable manpowerFully prefabricated construction system requires high construction precision. Malaysian labour force still lack of skilled workers in IBS implementation.3. The PracticesThe construction industry is very fragmented, diverse and involves many parties. Consensus is required in the use of IBS during planning stage.4. Knowledge foundLack o f Research Development (RD) in the area of novel building system that uses local materials. Majorities of IBS in Malaysia are imported from developed countries, thus driving up the construction cost. Engineering degrees in local universities seldom teach about the design and construction of IBS.5. Low QualityThe use of IBS in Japan and Sweden are so successful due to high quality and high productivity but it sis the opposite in Malaysia. Previous projects constructed with IBS concept were of low quality and high construction cost.6. Lack of fillip and AwarenessDue to the lack of incentive and promotion from government in the use of IBS, many many architects and engineers are still unaware of the basic elements of IBS such as modular co-ordination.7. Lack of Scientific trainingAn IBS system can only be acceptable to practitioners if its major advantages are valuable compared to the conventional system. However, up to date, there is inadequate corroborative evidence to substantiate the benefits of IBS system. It is therefore, arguable that the implementation of IBS is particularly hindered by lack of scientific information (Badir et al., 2002)8. Wastage of MaterialStandardization of building elements faces resistance from the construction industry due to aesthetic reservation and economic reason. One good example of this is when a 300mm thick modular standardized floor slab has to be used although a 260mm thick floor slab can achieve the similar structural performance. This results wastage of material (Waleed et al., 2003)Issue that related to IBS and contractor1. IBS first time use by DBKL in infrastructure project of build a bridge Jalan Dewan Bahasa-Jalan Hang Tuah because of time saving and reduce traffic jam. This also can give benefit for those students that around the school area. Beside that, around 75 % of IBS have been use to prevent any problem that not complete according to the schedule.Ibs also can save time, reduce labour and site very clean, ti dy and have quality. Mostly IBS is use for building. This project is the first infrastructure project using IBS. Moreover, the rest of the project will be using IBS.2.9 Summary of the ChapterNowadays in Malaysia, IBS still being developed and applied in new building. Mean while, the implementation level is still very low what has anticipate by the government. The purpose of IBS is very clear as an alternative for conventional method and also reduces the dependency of labour, and increase the performance in time, cost, and quality. The Government of Malaysia promote IBS component to the construction industrials.In the literature review have proved that there are many benefits of IBS but still is low usage among contractors and the implementation of using IBS level is still very low.Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionResearch methodology explains methods that used in the research study, what data have been collected, what method is adopted, why particular technique of analy zing data used all of these will be answered in this chapter.The quantitative approach will be carried out in this research and the questionnaire survey method will be used in this research. This section of study will focus on the method of the study to achieve the objective of this research.The questionnaire has been chosen to survey the factors, and degree of acceptance, usage, advantages and comment of adoption in IBS. This method is saving in terms of time and cost as well as convenient as it can distributes to large amount of respondent but the possible also did not get receive any respond from respondent and the quality of the information gather from questionnaire might inconsistent and inaccurate and also need to be carefully analysis.3.2 Method of ResearchFigure 3.1 shows the methods that be carried out in order to achieve the objective of this study and followed by the explanation of each step.Constructing QuestionnaireDistribute QuestionnaireResults Gathering and Analysing ConclusionFigure Method of Research3.2.1 Construct the QuestionnaireFor the purpose of design the question, the research objectives and literature review had been taken into account to lead to differentiate various issues, topics and ideas to create the questions in the questionnaire.The quantitative questionnaire will be use in this study. Before questionnaire to be produce out, there should be required to review thoroughly to the literature review and the research aim and objectives. This is to make sure that there will not be out of topic from the research, this is the initial stage for formulating question. Secondly, produce question that can achieve aim and objectives and related to literature review. The third stage is to make the questionnaire easy to understand and capable with comprehensive but short enough, no leading question and double question. This will make respondents can fill up easily and faster due to the possibility that the respondents are busy.3.2.1.1 The Rat ionale of Questionnaire DesignThe first part is ask about the background or experiences a