Norma Rae- a Leadership Analysis Essay Example

Norma Rae-a Leadership Analysis Essay â€Å"If specific consideration and consideration isn't paid to the women, we are resolved to incite a disobedience, and won't hold ourselves limited by any laws in which we have no voice or portrayal. † Abigail Adams (www. wisdomquotes. com) The above expressed lines genuinely speak to the soul of Norma Rae and the intensity of ladies. The citation features the two central matters appeared in the film; the quality and assurance of ladies and equivalent portrayal for all. The film depicts the change of a mistreated lady, who was bound to be a supporter, into an appealling pioneer who purchased about changes that profited something other than a couple. Norma Rae depends on the life of Crystal Lee Sutton. Gem Lee Sutton, (in the past Crystal Lee Jordan) is an American association coordinator and backer who picked up acclaim during the mid 1970s. She was terminated from her position at the J. P. Stevens plant in Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina for attempting to unionize its workers. She made $2. 65 an hour collapsing towels. The Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union won the option to speak to the laborers at the plant on August 28, 1974. Jordan later turned into a paid coordinator for the ACTWU. (Source Wikipedia. com). The Film The idea of â€Å"The Other† has consistently been a fascinating one. It manages the issues identified with the far away, baffling, various ones; maybe one from the minority gathering. â€Å"The Other†, is a representation of the under-hound; an impression of an uncertain puzzle of an inconceivably victimized, apparently outsider organization which should be persecuted because of its tentative, inaccessible, less comprehended and agreeable profile (Clemens et al, 2000). We will compose a custom paper test on Norma Rae-a Leadership Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Norma Rae-a Leadership Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Norma Rae-a Leadership Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer What's more, discussing our 1979 film, Norma Rae’s hero, a dull, standard looking, lost in the murmur drum life of a plant specialist, she gives off an impression of being bound to a lifetime of ‘despondent drudgery’ (Clemens et al, 2000). Norma Rae seems to be a standard laborer who must follow the O. P. Henley Textile Mill timings and simply carry out her responsibility with no inquiries posed. Her fate seems, by all accounts, to be one of a tenacious slave, living precisely. Norma Rae (played by Sally Field) is a â€Å"slice of life† film (Clemens et al, 2000). It depends on the genuine episode of Crystal Lee Sutton who drastically changed into a renegade with a reason and effectively exhibited that force did not depend on title or status; it stops by associating with individuals and supporting what you have confidence in (Goleman et al, 2002). The film obviously conveys the message that a solid will, assurance and vitality can unquestionably move mountains. It proves the holding between a tutor and his protegee, the significance of such an advantageous relationship and how the supporter can turn into a pioneer too by synergizing bonds (Bass et al, 1994). It is a live critique on the intrinsic initiative potential lying inactive in every last one of us and how conditions have the ability to transform us into a terrific wonder which we are commonly used to praising from the far away sidelines (Crainer, 1996). A part of such an ace specialist film which without a doubt can't be overlooked is its imagery and a predominance of a frightfully melancholic strain of music which makes way for a dull, agonizing viewing of a domain which is really low in vitality and certainty, without any markings of any sort of a positive vibration or a triumph in sight. The film starts with the machine in the plant carrying out its responsibility and still shots from Ms. Rae’s life from being a newborn child to a pitiful lady, one among the 800 factory laborers; a gear-tooth in the cotton plant apparatus who isn't living, however basically enduring. This domineering situation returns us to the 1936 dull parody, Modern Times, where our little tramp, Charlie Chaplin instituting the job of a specialist flags the unforgiving truth of laborers being a replaceable part in the mechanical set-up and the association being the ruling substance. Laborers are depicted as being machines themselves making machines in endless eight hour moves and attempting to deal with this machine age. (Clemens et al, 2000) In such pitiable working conditions with brief breaks in the middle of work, no windows, slave masters, horrifying sounds and an unconventional administration framework enters our woman, Norma Rae. In the first place, she is a wad of crude vitality. She is a renegade without a reason, a displeasure stricken, and aimless unharnessed youth of the age who boldly goes up against the administration. The managers attempt to tame her by offering a raise and getting her out. From the start, she paves the way for whatever they might have had planned, yet understands a significant exercise of life that to discover quality, one must be with the individuals; in solidarity lies the best strong force. She is road savvy enough to grasp that including power inside the gathering is undeniably more important than only a place of intensity outside. As it were, this illuminates the intensity of the plebeians and their aggregate force. To adjust this sympathy authority condition of Norma and for an effective upset to occur, in strolls Reuben Warshofsky (played by Ron Leibman), an accomplished outcast, a urban association pioneer who knows the laws and the lawful framework and simply needs an insider to legitimize and speed up his objectives from inside. Mr. Warshofsky accomplishes for the laborers by getting Norma Rae what maybe, the advisors A. T. Kearney did with the organization insiders for Walmart (Clemens et al, 2000). The pushy pariah, Reuben fills in as the support on which Norma’s recently discovered personality exists. With his cleaning, she gradually changes into a certain person with her maximum capacity, pursuing a war with conviction and full-choked vitality. Curiously enough, in this educator understudy relationship, â€Å"reverse-mentoring† (Bass et al, 1994) likewise occurs. The supporter or a splendid protegee as for this situation, directs her tutor as well. A model in point would be when Norma requests that Reuben improve the flier as it is unreasonably confounded for the laborers to comprehend. This cooperative traditional tutor protegee bond forms into a productive association where these two select laborers, spread mindfulness and beat obstructions together. His power and information to manage circumstances goes about as a shelter as well, particularly when he gets the notification properly situated on the notification board. Reuben, consistent with his namesake, Mentor from the Greek exemplary, Odyssey aides and ends up being a scholarly companion to Norma as Mentor is to Odysseus’ child, Telemachus. As the nineteenth century mastermind, Thomas Carlyle appropriately expressed in his investigation of pioneers, On Heroes and Hero-Worship that †â€Å"Most people are as fuel, trusting that the match will touch off them. † (Clemens et al, 2000). Henceforth, this 1970s master laborer film bound with its snapshots of dark diversion and imagery isn't the narrative of â€Å"the other† being diverted. Despite what might be expected, it is a story of effective, commonly helpful tutoring which prompts a successful association. It’s a contextual analysis of seeing how authority abilities can be created and the evident significance of correspondence and being a people’s individual. In any case, the source, all things considered, lies in acknowledging one’s self-esteem and ascending against the negative tide earnestly and all around organized lanning (Pierce et al, 2008). Everything comes down to vital arranging in the midst of unfriendly conditions and making the last indeed, the venturing stones. Norma Rae mirrors the best great of the best number principle of morals. It is a persuasive film which mixes one to activity. From a gloomy start, the film crosses a broad excursion and leaves the crowd with a ro using consolation to reform one’s antagonistic condition into one of aggregate victory. The Director’s Perspective The chief has delineated three unmistakable initiative styles. The first being that of Norma Rae, which is of a pioneer being made, situational administration and the way that initiative isn't sexual orientation explicit (Jackson et al, 2008). The subsequent style being depicted is that of Reuben, which is of a magnetic, transformational pioneer (Jackson et al, 2008). The third style is that of the administration of O. P. Henley Textile Mill, which is absolutely totalitarian, tyrant and they treat the laborers increasingly like machines (Yeo, 2006). Nearby the chief has introduced an ideal representation of the Mentor-Protegee relationship (Jackson et al, 2008) as Norma and Reuben. Breaking down Leadership This film delineates different points of view of authority and sees initiative styles of the Protagonist (Norma Rae) and her Mentor (Reuben). The primary administration ideal models represented in the film are- - Leaders can be made or Leadership as a Process - Contingency Theory of Leadership and Situational Leadership - Transformational Leadership - Mentor-Protegee Relationship - Ethical Leadership - The Gender Perspective of Leadership Leaders Are Created The most significant imprint that Norma Rae makes is that pioneers can be made (Jackson et al, 2008). It breaks the regular legend that pioneers are conceived and can't be made (Grint, 2005). From the film it’s clear that appropriate direction and mentorship alongside situational variables can light the fire of initiative, in a person who has never exhibited any authority potential (Howell et al, 2006). Generally likewise it has demonstrated that direction and mentorship have come about I

Milgram experiment analysis Free Essays

Milgram’s Study of Obedience The name Stanley Milgram is eponymous with the investigation of submission. In his disputable 1970s investigation of the human conduct, Milgram (1974) found that when under heading from an individual from power, study members could be told to exact a 450 volt electric stun on another person.. We will compose a custom exposition test on Milgram test examination or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now In one investigation, Milgram (1974) alloted members to the job of ‘teacher’ or ‘learner’. Unbeknown to the members, they would just ever be doled out to the job of instructor. As the instructor, members were informed that they were to explore the impacts of discipline on learning. The instructor controlled a learning undertaking to the student who was situated in an alternate room, and the student showed their reaction through catches that lit up answer lights on the teacher’s side of the divider. At the point when the students gave mistaken answers, the members were told by the experimenter to control the student an electric stun. Once more, unbeknown to the member instructors, the stuns were not really regulated and the students were acting confederates. The instructor was likewise taught to build the voltage of the electric stun with each off-base answer gave. As the voltage arrived at 150 volts, the student would shout cries of dissent, which cou ld be heard by the educator member through the divider. At 300 volts, the student would not respond to the inquiry, and at 330 volts they made no reaction at all to the stun, reminiscent of absence of awareness. At whatever point the member vacillated or gave indications of protection from regulating the stun, they would be incited to proceed by the experimenter. The investigation possibly finished when the instructor would not manage the stun in light of guidance after four prompts, or after the most extreme stun had been given. In 65% of cases, the members managed the most extreme stun of 450 volts, a stun that was set apart on the seriousness as â€Å"XXX†, following the portrayal â€Å"Danger: Severe Shock† at 375 volts. Milgram’s (1974) exhibition of the disrupting capacities of human conduct presents numerous inquiries with regards to why such a significant number of individuals had not quit regulating the stuns when they realized that the student was in critical pain. Was it that these people would have acted along these lines whatever the circumstanceWere they instances of the malignant side of human natureOr were there many contributing variables about the situation that drove these people to act in such a manner in spite of all desires for human benefianceThis article will plan to address these inquiries through crafted by Milgram and his counterparts. Situational Influence The discoveries of a previous investigation by Milgram (1963) gave proof that the people controlling the stuns were not carrying on of their own craving for brutality, yet rather were acting in struggle with their needed or anticipated conduct. Milgram (1963) found that regulating stuns made the members experience â€Å"extreme anxious tension†, showed by perspiring, trembling, stammering, and even apprehensive chuckling. Burger (2009) suggests that in spite of the numerous endeavors to decipher the aftereffects of Milgram’s (1974) try, the primary concern of accord is the significance of situational powers in impacting an individual’s conduct. Also proposing this is something thought little of by most people. This was featured by the assessments of Yale understudies and therapists who were consistent in their conviction that for all intents and purposes nobody would proceed with the examination to the point of maximal stun (Milgram, 1974). Burger (2009) proposes a convincing explanation as to Milgram’s members were so prepared to oversee possibly deadly stuns under the guidance of the experimenter; that of the intensity of power. The investigation gives an original case of the marvel of submission, where people acclimate (regularly without wanting to) to a position figure (Martin Hewstone, 2009). This compliance to expert in the deserting of coalition to profound quality (Elms, 1995) is something that has not exclusively been exhibited in look into considers, saw from the despicable violations submitted by those under the standard of Hitler in Nazi Germany (Cialdini Goldstein, 2004), to the practices of self-destructive strict factions. While Milgram’s (1974) experimenter had both authenticity and mastery (Morelli, 1983) with alliance to the college, the examination, and to science (Burger, 2009), other compliance has been appeared to happen without this (Blass, 1999), along these lines recommending other situational impacts at play. The significance of the experimenter’s aptitude may have been of vital hugeness in Milgram’s (1974) inquire about, in that the situation was not one that any of the members had encountered previously. Burger (2009) recommends that without some other wellsprings of data, the members go to the consolation of the experimenter who doesn't appear to be irritated by the cries from the student and demands the continuation of the examination. For this situation, it might be recommended that the members concede to the skill of the experimenter, accepting that they will teach the most proper activity. As indicated by Milgram (1974), this has incredible ramifications for the deciding impact of the circumstance on the activity of people. Kolowsky et al. (2001) recommend two sorts of power; that got from delicate impacts which results from factors inside the affecting operator (eg. Believability and skill) and that got from outer social structures, (for example, chain of command) known as brutal sources. It might be presumed that Milgram’s experimenter depicted both of these, maybe clarifying why the circumstance prompted such elevated levels of compliance. Burger (2009) additionally proposes that the degrees of submission of the members in Milgram’s (1974) test might be credited to the continuous increment in requests of the experimenter. He recommends that the 15-volt increases made an undertaking that step by step expanded popular being put on the members. At first members would give stuns to the student causing just a slight uneasiness, nonetheless, before the finish of the trial, the members were consenting to give stuns that were named ‘Severe’. Freedman and Fraser (1966) exhibited the intensity of the supposed ‘foot-in-the-door’ impact, indicating that people that previously conformed to a little, negligibly intrusive solicitation were bound to agree to a bigger related solicitation. The creators suggested that the circumstance perpetrated a change upon the participants’ self-observation, where after consenting to the principal demand they attribute the characteristics mirroring their past activities (ie. I am somebody that agrees to such asks for) which at that point impacts their resulting activities. Burger (2009) proposes that the longing for individual consistency might be a factor with such gradual voltage increment, where declining the 195 volt stun would be troublesome having quite recently squeezed the 180 volt switch. The Milgram (1974) try likewise brings up the issue of the job of obligation in dutifulness. Under power, it might have been that the people had the option to proceed with the conduct because of a lessened awareness of other's expectations for their activities. Bandura (1999) recommends this happens as when not seeing themselves as the specialists of their activities, people are along these lines saved their self-denouncing responses. It shows up, subsequently, that given an alternate circumstance, a large number of the members in Milgram’s (1974) examination may have acted in an unexpected way. Questions are raised regarding whether they would have submitted a similar demonstration without a lessened duty, or if the experimenter had at first requested that they give the student the most elevated voltage stun. Zimbardo (1972) shows the significance of the circumstance because of human conduct in his ‘Stanford Prison Experiment’. Haphazardly doled out to be detainees or gatekeepers, members in Zimbardo’s (1972) analyze took on their jobs with furthest point and scramble. With importance to the conduct inspired by Milgram in his examinations, the conduct of the gatekeepers is exceptionally compelling. When given the force loaded job (Zimbardo, 1972), and confronted with detainee insubordination, the gatekeepers utilized physical and mental strategies to confound, threaten, and hassle the detainees. While not complying with a specific authority aside from the requests of the test, these ‘guards’ had gotten blinded by the circumstance, representing how situational limits can significantly change social standards. By day 5 of the investigation, detainees were pulled back and acting in obsessive manners. None of the individuals associated with the examination dem anded the cessation of the trial, which had, by day 6, become of entirely sketchy ethical quality. In Zimbardo’s (1972) explore, the watchmen, chose for being illustrative of the normal white collar class American, with better than expected knowledge and enthusiastic strength (Haney, Banks Zimbardo, 1973), showed hostile to social and obsessive conduct, a marvel later portrayed by Zimbardo as ‘The Lucifer Effect’ (Zimbardo, 2007). This was something that Haney et al. (1973) recommended happened because of the pathology of the circumstance as opposed to the idea of those that entered it. With the idea of the circumstance recommended as such an incredible impact over human acquiescence, crafted by Burger (2009) assists with examining the components fundamental the marvel of such ethically freak conduct. Burger (2009) imitated crafted by Milgram (1974), with the a

Writing Tips For Writing an Opinion Essay

Writing Tips For Writing an Opinion EssayIf you are a high school student, then you probably know that it can be quite difficult to write an opinion essay. But when you consider that most people do not understand the subject matter well, you will find that the difficulty level of this task is extremely high.You need to make sure that you choose a main topic that is easy to comprehend and explain. Your other topics should also be easy to digest and explain.If you are able to provide information in one topic, then you may feel that you are doing well. However, if you find yourself unable to give an opinion on two different topics, then it is probably a good idea to have another person write your opinion piece. This can help you understand what is going on in the larger topic and how you can help the situation.It is always a good idea to find topics for writing an opinion essays on subjects that you have a good understanding of. If you take a broad subject such as employment, then you s hould have plenty of topics on that topic. If you are unsure of the specific employment laws, then you can learn about those laws in the news or through books and articles.You can also find a lot of information on various topics through news stories that are published in national newspapers. Newspapers have the information about the current events, the news coverage and commentary on various subjects. This is one of the best sources of information that you will find.Newspapers are also one of the best sources of information because of the fact that there are few things that are not published in the newspaper. This means that you can rely on them when you need to know the latest news about a certain topic. This is one of the best advantages that newspapers have over television and radio.The other benefit that you will find with the local newspaper is that you can get the same newspaper with the local edition from any address. Newspapers do not require you to go outside of your home t o get your daily copy. This is very convenient and allows you to get your news at the comfort of your own home.When you find that you need to write an opinion essay, you should first look for topics that you understand and that are easy to understand. You should find that when you have that done, you can start working on the paper as soon as possible.

The Meaning Behind Seeing By Raymond Carver - 1767 Words

The Meaning Behind Seeing In the short story â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver, there is a very insightful message spoken about the true definitions between having sight and being able to see. The story focuses on three characters, and they each have emotions connected to one another, whether it be trust, jealousy or compassion. These characters include a blind man named Robert, the narrator who is unnamed in the story, and his wife who also does not receive a name for the story line. Each of these characters have been through a series of obstacles which are clearly stated in the short story. Some of the difficulties, however, need to be interpreted in-between the lines, such as the narrator’s alcoholism issues and marital problems with the narrator and his wife. Quite a few of the difficulties the characters come across in â€Å"Cathedral†, were based off of the painful life Carver lived. When Carver was asked if his life moments were inspiration for his collec tion of stories his answer was, â€Å"None of my stories really happened, of course†¦ but there’s always something, some element, something said to me or that I witnessed, that may be a starting place† (Caldwell n.pg. 17). From â€Å"Cathedral† the audience can become aware that â€Å"†¦Carver weaves into Cathedral a narrative of alcoholism, from addiction and alienation to bitter self-awareness and then, sometimes, a legitimate hope of recovery (Messer n.pg. 4).† This meaning, Carver wrote â€Å"Cathedral† to be a positive story about how aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1340 Words   |  6 PagesRaymond Carver’s characters were considered to be very much like him: â€Å"’on the edge: of poverty, alcoholic self-destruction, loneliness† (Mays 32). His short story â€Å"Cathedral† is about a young couple, who have a visitor coming to stay with them. This visitor, Robert, is the wifeâ⠂¬â„¢s friend, and he is blind. The narrator, the husband, has never met someone who is blind, was bothered by that. To him, being blind meant constantly needing help from others. His depiction of blindness was what he has seenRead MorePersuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay In 1983, Raymond Carver introduced his short story â€Å"Cathedral† to the public. The first-person narrative takes place within the narrator’s home, where his wife is waiting upon the arrival of her blind friend Robert. The narrator, however, becomes more concerned about how Robert’s visit will affect him rather than enjoy the situation. Once Robert arrives, the narrator tries to understand the blind man, but he is unaware of what tasks Robert is capable of performing due to the narrator’sRead MoreThe History of Art at Iowa State University Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesworks of public art (George Washington Carver). The foundation of the contemporary Art on Campus Collection and Program began during the Depression in the 1930s, when Iowa States President Hughes envisioned that, The arts would enrich and provide substantial intellectual exploration into our college curricula† (George Washington Carver). Who doesn’t love art? Every day you wake up and experience some sort of artwork; whether it’s a sculpture or just seeing something made so wonderful. WalkingRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1524 Words   |  7 PagesAs if someone has unlocked his prison cell to liberate him of his stereotypical point of view. The protagonist of Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† was an individual whose stagnant mind has blind him from truly seeing the aspects and characteristics of people around him. Before meeting his wife’s blind friend whose name is Robert, the protagonist perceives reality with a stereotypical mind-set shaped by misleading information from movies. Hence, he make judgement about other people without ever settingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Carver Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pageshas an author behind it now how yo u interpret that’s up to you, but some authors have a completely different interpretation of their writing. Some authors hide deep meaning behind their writings that can be difficult to catch. Authors will use symbolism to tell a different story. A period of their life could affect the way they write and you can see that as a reader if you pick apart the story. Raymond Carver is a great example on how a period in his life affected his writing. Carver was going downRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s The Yellow Wallpaper1624 Words   |  7 PagesRaymond Carver’s Cathedral tells the story of a husband whose wife’s blind friend comes to spend the night. The husband and the blind man spend quality time together by watching historical programs about cathedrals on television. Since the blind man cannot see the cathedrals that the program discusses, the husband attempts to describe them to him. The husband fails to describe the cathedral to the blind man in an affec tive manner. Throughout the story, the husband goes on a journey to understandingRead MoreThe Cathedral By Raymond Carver1758 Words   |  8 PagesIn almost every story there is a meaning, whether that meaning is obvious or not is up to the readers’ interpretations. In some stories, that meaning hides behind a character, how that person acts, thinks, or express themselves and how they change throughout resembling growth. In Raymond Carver’s â€Å"The Cathedral†, the unnamed husband narrators the tale of his wife’s old blind friend Robert coming to visit after not seeing each other for years. They had remained in contact through audiotapes, but theRead MorePlato s Allegory Of Cave1979 Words   |  8 PagesFirst and foremost, allegorical writing is a type of writing that has two sets of meanings, one which can be assumed as literal and the other one is allegorical. Although this piece was written long before my time, the underlying message it intends to c onvey is still relevant today. Our society is trapped in a cave. To begin with, the literal meaning is the content or subject matter, whereas, the allegorical meaning is one which can only be understood by developing a greater sense of understandingRead MoreEssay on Cathedral by Raymond Carver1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe story of Cathedral, by Raymond Carver, shows that you do not have to see someone or something in order to appreciate them for who or what they are. It is about a husband, the narrator, and his wife who live in a house. The wife, whose name they do not mention, has a very close friend who is blind. His name is Robert. Roberts wife dies, and comes to their house to spend a couple of days with the narrator and his wife. The narrator, whose name they do not mention as well, is always on edge becauseRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allan Poe1776 Words   |  8 PagesIn comparison, â€Å"Cathedral† exposes Christian principles shown in the beginning through the title and the symbolism behind the characters descriptio n. On the other hand, â€Å"El Tonto del Barrio† unveils the principles of Christianity via the theme of greed. Thus, all of the three short stories have a deeper meaning directed towards a religious audience that can capture the symbolism behind the story. As a writer of mysterious and gruesome tales, Edgar Allan Poe incorporated in his literature his understanding

Fighting For Our Love Ones Essay - 1664 Words

In today’s world, most families have a love one struggling to live with cancer, HIV, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis. Most of us, here in the United States, have watched a love one endure the pain of chemotherapy, uncontrollable muscle spasms, or blindness. Our love ones not only suffer physical pain, but mental anguish as well. Our dying loves ones are at war with our Federal Government. They are fighting for a chance at a better quality of life. They are fighting for the legalization of marijuana for medical use. Until marijuana is legalized for medical use, our love ones are forced to break the law. quot;†¦my gift to my husband, John Joseph who died last year. At the end of his life, my husband was wracked with pain from lung†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Prescription drugs were supposed to settle her nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;stomach, but every day we stopped two or three nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;times on the way home for her dry heaves to pass (2).quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Richard would drive Dorothy to her chemotherapy appointments and then watch the side effects consume her body afterwards. He then suggested she try taking marijuana to ease her pain. Dorothy who never smoked a cigarette had to be taught to inhale. After smoking a few puffs and eating, she had little nausea. She could eat real food again. In four weeks, Dorothy regained her weight. quot;Her face was full, her cheeks pink. Her eyes which nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;seemed dull and half closed, were open and bright. We nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;drove home from the hospital without ever stopping again. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If the government wants to find out whether marijuana can nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;stop cancer patients and AIDS sufferers from throwing up and losing weight - put them on a scale (2).quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jocelyn Elders, a former Surgeon General, even said quot;It’s criminal to keep this medicineShow MoreRelatedRe Essay: ‘There Has Always Been Wars and There Will Always Be Wars; It’s Humans Nature to Fight’1594 Words   |  7 Pagesdominate the choices of surrounding peoples, in an attempt to bring these peoples into less than one great rule. If need be, man will wage war to forcibly bring others to the awareness of a more enlightened way of living. The only way to truly have peace is for man to ultimately strengthen his spiritual side. When living with true virtue, man is able to have patience, understanding, tolerance, love, forgiveness, gentleness, and goodness, even in the face of fear, intolerance, hate, and anger. Self-defenceRead MoreAmerica s Paradoxical Love Hate Relationship With War1374 Words   |  6 Pagespaper reviews America’s paradoxical love-hate relationship with war and how this relationship influences Ame rican warfare through the research and study of the interpretation and analyzation of American military models, policy and goal changes, the use of military technology, â€Å"American way of war,† and the relationship with, preparation for, and application of war. In the two hundred years since 1775, there has been thirty-five years of fighting in what we consider major conflictsRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Fighting in a Relationship Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesresponse to George Bachs claim, I confute that fighting under any circumstance is unwarranted and unhealthy. 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Diabetes The Silent Killer Essay - 1234 Words

The Silent Killer: Diabetes Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death by disease. It is a chronic disease that has no cure. Therefore it comes to no surprise that this disease has acquired countless number of attentions. Unfortunately, 5.4 million people in the United State are unaware that they have this disease. Until they do, they have already developed life-threatening complications. This may include blindness, kidney diseases, nerves diseases, heart diseases, strokes, and amputations. It is no wonder that diabetes is known as the silent killer. Diabetes is condition where the body does not produce or properly use insulin, which is a type of hormone that converts sugar, starches, and other types of foods into the energy that humans†¦show more content†¦This occurs more likely when one is under a lot of stress. When the glucose level does increase, problems such as headaches, blurry vision, thirst, frequent trips to the restroom, and dry itchy skin may occur. 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Entrepreneurship And Economic Growth Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship And Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneur is a person or an individual, who instead of working under someone as employee, runs some small business, by making an assumption of all the rewards as well as risks of a business venture. An entrepreneur of an organization is mainly seen as an innovator of ideas and strategies regarding any business. He/she is regarded as the business leader of the organization, playing an important role in the business economy (Aulet and Murray 2013). The main objective of this report is to highlight the point on how to become an entrepreneur and the qualities an entrepreneur should have. They have the necessary skills and innovative mind to take any business to a higher level. With the right decisions and opinions, an entrepreneur can earn economic profits (Bailetti 2012). The report gives a brief idea about the entrepreneurs role on starting an independent venture, a family business, a new corporate enterprise or a new franchise. It throws light on the four options by comparing and contrasting them. Furthermore, it discusses about a hypothetical business start up, a brief description of the industry and the type of entrepreneurship. It also includes the benefits and drawbacks of the above four options, with some recommendations. Discussion Entrepreneurship is being regarded as a critical component of economic growth and innovation. It is considered as an integral part in the growth of economic strategies of national and local governments across the world. Governments encourage the entrepreneurial ecosystems development, which commonly include venture capitalists, entrepreneurs and the government sponsored events in order to assist the entrepreneurs. Moreover, it may include the non-governmental organizations, like association of entrepreneurs and educational programs (Barringer 2012). Brief description of the Industry or the Market My plan is to start a costume jewelry business in Sydney. Different designs of earrings, necklaces, pendants and bangles will be manufactured. The products uniqueness and originality will differentiate it from the citys other jewelers, hence, attracting more customers. Taking the capital into consideration, the jewelry shop would be medium in size, initially. The customers will get to choose from a wide variety of costume jewelry offering. Moreover, they will have the facility to customize their favorite items, in accordance with their choice. The shops design highly matters in order to attract the target audience. Therefore, shop will be decorated with colorful lights all over, along with wall paintings and graffiti. All business organizations have various internal as well as external environmental forces which is impactful on its growth. It cannot be controlled by the business owners and themanagement teams and hence directly or indirectly affects the organization. The specific forces can be the competitors, customers, creditors, socio cultural organizations, national and international organizations, government, political parties and others. The above forces may affect the businesss progress and growth directly or indirectly. A business organization has some general and specific forces (Baum, Frese and Baron 2014). The general forces affect an individual firm indirectly and specific forces are the ones which affect an enterprise regularly, that is, on a daily basis. Moreover a business organization keeps changing, that is, it is dynamic in nature, be in the terms of technological improvement, change in the consumer or any new competitions entry in the market. In any business organization, there are uncertainties, as it is too difficult to predict the future happenings, especially when the changes are too frequent (Bridge and O'Neill 2012). Type of Entrepreneurship Starting a business is an important career step. The first and foremost step an individual needs to undertake before starting a new business venture is to decide what type of entrepreneur he/she wants to become. It is important to have a clear understanding on the type of business a person hopes to acquire. It can be an independent business or buying a franchise or a corporate enterprise. In my opinion, starting an independent venture is more beneficial than buying an existing one, as the business type fits my personal as well as business goals. The reasons why I would like to start my own business are listed in this report (Drucker 2014). Firstly, an independent business owner is his/her own boss, therefore, no risk of getting fired. He/she will have the freedom to change his/her products, services and business pattern anytime, based on the personal choices and desires, keeping in mind the fluctuating market conditions. Secondly, independent owners have the authority over their investment timings and decisions depending on the capital. Thirdly, independent business owners have the accessibility to expand their business anytime they want, after doing a detailed homework or research work regarding the background of the business. Even they can downsize their projects scope, as per their wish (Kelley, Singer and Herrington 2012). Fourthly, independent owners have certain advantages regarding their lifestyle, because they are in charge of their business. It is their choice when and where to work, as a result, they can spend quality time with their family whenever they want. If a person wants to run a business at his/her home, he/she will have the advantage of working anytime he/she wishes, eliminating the commuting time (Kirzner 2015). Fifthly, an independent business owner will have the chance in making more money, than being employed under someone. He/she will get more benefitted from the hard work. Moreover, independent owners have more learning opportunities from what they are doing along with several business functions. Last but not the least, as an independent business owner; one can really enjoy the creative freedom and satisfaction. He/she will be able to implement new ideas and skills, watching the business succeed (Koellinger and Roy Thurik 2012). Benefits and Drawbacks of various Entrepreneurship types There are both advantages and disadvantages of several entrepreneurial types. Those are discussed in this report. Independent Entrepreneurship Benefits: An independent business owner is his/her own boss, therefore, no chance of getting fired. Independent entrepreneurs can take all the decisions, depending on the business pattern and style. Authority over the investment timings, depending on the capital. Expansion of business anytime they want. They can select the site of their business and work as per their wishes. They can implement new ideas and skills, while having a creative freedom and self satisfaction as there is no baggage (Kuratko 2016). Drawbacks: Starting an independent business requires high commitment of energy and time. One needs to pour his/her heart into the company for its success. The success of the business totally depends on the entrepreneurs talent and skills. Delayed profitability, as brand recognition plays a major factor in this. Independent owners have limited financing; therefore, they may have higher costs of investment. The success rate is less in the beginning. Other factors like financial risks, stress, time commitment and undesirable duties such as firing people, proves to be disadvantageous for independent entrepreneurship (Sambharya and Musteen 2014). Family Business Benefits: There is a longevity and stability in the leadership pattern, which benefits the organization. The family position determines who will lead the business and how. There is a huge sense of accountability and commitment as the family needs are in stake. Longer term of commitment helps in adding more benefits to the organization. Better understanding and effective marketing and sales. Family members will perform different tasks for the progress of their business; therefore there will not be any flexibility issues or communication gaps. The long term perspective will make the family members take good strategic measures and decisions. There will be no employee cost, as the family members will be working at the firm (Schaper et al. 2014). Drawbacks: Conflict can happen anytime, which will mar the progress of the business. This Governance issues will occur; as a result it will create a miscommunication among the family members. Quarrels among the family members can often cause financial and legal trouble to the company. Lack of succession plans. If a family member lacks the desired quality, it will prove disadvantageous for the organizations success. Lack of discipline and poormanagement structure has negative influences on the business (Storey 2016). Corporate Enterprise Benefits: The resources are easily and readily available which gives them full accessibility to finances, strong sales force, existing brand, channels of distribution, strong customer base and others. High job security is there. Mistakes are not that costly as the company has the ability to absorb any failure. More number of employees can help in generation of new ideas and opinions. With the employees creative and innovative ideas, the organization can compete in the global market and generation of new products becomes easier. Create a good understanding among the workers as they work together to achieve a common goal (Tervo 2014). Drawbacks: The concept is fully owned by the company, where the employees are its mere puppets. Conflicts among the employees can mar the companys progress. Employees have to work, keeping in mind the companys policies and procedures. An employee cannot just implement his/her ideas without the companys approval. Lack of discipline and commitment among the employees will have a negative impact on the companys rapport. At times, the company may face high financial risks, which will impact the employees too (Urbano and Aparicio 2016). Franchisee Entrepreneurship Benefits: The investment costs are comparatively lower. Franchisee entrepreneurship has the advantage of brand recognition. It becomes easier in building a customer base. Raising finance is easier. Industry experience is not required in most of the cases. It helps in limiting the competition (Zahra and Nambisan 2012). Drawbacks: Even when it is an individuals own business, the profits are to be shared with franchisor. There are several restrictions on certain activities related to marketing. If seen from the perspective of ownership, franchisee entrepreneurship proves to be disadvantageous. It can affect the personality of the business owner, as he/she before taking any decision needs the franchisors approval. The business owner is not his/her own boss. The risk factor always works that the franchisor may go bankrupt (Aulet and Murray 2013). Buying an existing business or starting a new one Buying an existing business can be beneficial for a person as it is already generating profits and cash flow. Established and strong customer base as well as brand recognition. However, if the company has some negative impact or reputation, it will prove disadvantageous for the buyer. A thorough research work needs to be done before buying an existing business. At times, setting up of new workplace policies and procedures become difficult. There are times, when buying a company costs more than starting a new one. Buying an existing company may not satisfy the needs and desires of the buyer (Barringer 2012). Recommendations In my opinion, starting a new business is more beneficial. An independent business owner is his/her own boss, therefore, no risk of getting fired. Independent owners have the authority over their investment timings and decisions depending on the capital. Independent business owners have the accessibility to expand their business anytime they want, after doing a detailed homework or research work regarding the background of the business (Kirzner 2015). Even they can downsize their projects scope, as per their wish. They have certain advantages regarding their lifestyle, because they are in charge of their business. An independent business owner will have the chance in making more money, than being employed under someone. They have more learning opportunities from what they are doing along with several business functions (Drucker 2014). Conclusion To conclude, a companys main aim is to achieve the organizational goals and motives. The workplace policies vary from organization to organization. The objectives as well as the work flow helps in the growth of any organization. Marketing involves the distribution of products, its promotion as well as pricing. The marketing function also includes the digital marketing, as it is very important in modern days. It enhances the sales of the product and increases the profit amount, while promoting the brand on a global platform. Web technology improves the business marketing by helping it to reach the furthest corners. Online purchases help the business get international acclamation, but it should be checked and tracked on a daily basis to check whether the customers are facing any kind of difficulties or not. The implementation of new and innovative ideas helps in enhancing the business performance, which in turn, will help in achieving the business goals and targets. References Aulet, W. and Murray, F., 2013. A tale of two entrepreneurs: Understanding differences in the types of entrepreneurship in the economy. Bailetti, T., 2012. Technology entrepreneurship: overview, definition, and distinctive aspects.Technology Innovation Management Review,2(2), p.5. Barringer, B., 2012.Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, (2012). Baum, J.R., Frese, M. and Baron, R.A. eds., 2014.The psychology of entrepreneurship. Psychology Press. Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012.Understanding enterprise: entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Kelley, D.J., Singer, S. and Herrington, M., 2012. The global entrepreneurship monitor.2011 Global Report, GEM 2011,7. Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Koellinger, P.D. and Roy Thurik, A., 2012. Entrepreneurship and the business cycle.Review of Economics and Statistics,94(4), pp.1143-1156. Kuratko, D.F., 2016.Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Sambharya, R. and Musteen, M., 2014. Institutional environment and entrepreneurship: An empirical study across countries.Journal of International Entrepreneurship,12(4), pp.314-330. Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014.Entrepreneurship and small business. Storey, D.J. ed., 2016.Entrepreneurship and new firm. Routledge. Tervo, H., 2014. Starting a new business later in life.Journal of Small Business Entrepreneurship,27(2), pp.171-190. Urbano, D. and Aparicio, S., 2016. Entrepreneurship capital types and economic growth: International evidence.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,102, pp.34-44. Zahra, S.A. and Nambisan, S., 2012. Entrepreneurship and strategic thinking in business ecosystems.Business horizons,55(3), pp.219-229.

Answer 4 Questions About Jazz Music Example

Answer 4 Questions About Jazz Music Example Answer 4 Questions About Jazz Music – Coursework Example Jazz Music Q Styles of Jazz Music Bebop Jazz It developed in the early 1940’s and established itself as vogue by 1945 (A Passion for Jazz, p1). Its main innovators were Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Chalie Parker. Bebop is characterized by fast tempo, instrumental ability, and improvisation based on the amalgamation of harmonic structure and reference to the melody. Bebop soloists engage in harmonic improvisation and often avoid the melody after the first chorusCool JazzIt evolved directly from Bop in the late 1940’s and 1950’s (A Passion for Jazz, p1). It smoothed out the mixture of Swing and Bop tones. Miles pioneered cool music, and it softened the dynamics of bebop music. The cool jazz is characterized by relaxed tempos and lighter tone.Classic JazzClassic Jazz also known as Orleans style originated with brass bands that performed for dances and parties in the late 1800’s (A Passion for Jazz, p1). Classic music is solo oriented. The classic style i ncorporates captions of Ragtime with adaptations of melodies, blues, and hymns. David Miles recorded Kind of Blue, classic music (Luce 1).Hot JazzIn hot jazz, improvised solos characterize the music with melodic structure built up to an emotional and ‘hot’ climax. In the rhythm section, there is bass, banjo, drums with high tempo. Miles pioneered the style, as most of his songs were high (Luce 1)..Hard BopIt is an extension of Bebop, which was interrupted by the cool sounds. Hard Bop melodies are soulful than Bebop. The rhythm section of hard bop is more sophisticated, and it is also known as the funky jazz.Q.3Cool jazz is less dense or more spacious. It relies on modern rhythms, for instance, Bossa Nova and rock. It employs less improvisation and has low tempo (A Passion for Jazz, p1). Cool jazz musicians include Monty Budwig, Larry Bunker, Sarah Vaughan, and Gerry Mulligan. However, hard bop is denser, has high tempo, and involves more improvisation. The hard bop musi cians include Miles Davis, Art Blakey, John Coltrane, and Horace Silver among others.Hard bop music majored on the African American identity. Racism and discrimination resulted in opposition of the white’s cool music. The African-American innovated hard bop music to fight for their civil rights and recognition in the American economy. Poverty resulted in the musical differences. Cool jazz was regarded as music for the rich or the whites. Therefore, the poor Africans retaliated by singing hard-bop to demonstrate their dissatisfaction with political, social and economic climate at that time.A Passion for Jazz. Styles of Jazz Music, 2015. Web. May 27, 2015 Luce, Jim. â€Å"Jazz Profiles from NPR Miles Davis: Miles’ Styles.† NPR. 2015. Web. May 27, 2015

Free Essays on Minimum Driving Age

As most may already know, Alabama is considering altering the requirement for attaining a driver’s license. The alteration would mean that all teenagers would have to wait to get their license until they are eighteen, opposed to sixteen. â€Å"According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, 16 year olds are more than 20 times as likely to have a crash as other drivers. For every million miles driven, 16 year olds have 43 crashes. While other a driver over 19 have only 5 crashes. (Lynn, 48-51.) For example, in Europe the driving age is 18, New Jersey makes teenagers wait until 17; six other states allow 14 and 15 year olds to get licenses and 43 other states permit16 year olds to drive alone. (Lynn, 48-51.) â€Å"These new laws, called â€Å"graduated licensing laws† are catching on all over the world. Six months after its graduated licensing laws went into effect; New Zealand’s driving fatalities for 15-17 year olds dropped by nearly one third. This is how the new graduated licensing laws work: Beginning drivers have to â€Å"graduate† through stages of â€Å"restricted driving† before they are allowed to get their unrestricted adult licenses (Lynn, 49). In Kentucky a prospective driver must be at least 16 years old to get a permit and any licensed driver may provide supervision. Also, a learner’s permit must remain in effect only a month before full licensure. (Ellers, 1B.) In Hartford Connecticut under one bill, teenagers could not obtain learners’ permits or driver licenses until they turn 17 years old. Even after obtaining a license at 17, teenagers could only drive from 6a.m. to 11p.m. until they turn 18. It seems as though most teenagers have the same feelings as Tim Marciniak expresses in this statement, †I just think they keep raising the age because society sees us as corrupt. I think the media portrays us as being negative. It’s always something negative toward teenagers. They never show the good we do, society-wise.... Free Essays on Minimum Driving Age Free Essays on Minimum Driving Age As most may already know, Alabama is considering altering the requirement for attaining a driver’s license. The alteration would mean that all teenagers would have to wait to get their license until they are eighteen, opposed to sixteen. â€Å"According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, 16 year olds are more than 20 times as likely to have a crash as other drivers. For every million miles driven, 16 year olds have 43 crashes. While other a driver over 19 have only 5 crashes. (Lynn, 48-51.) For example, in Europe the driving age is 18, New Jersey makes teenagers wait until 17; six other states allow 14 and 15 year olds to get licenses and 43 other states permit16 year olds to drive alone. (Lynn, 48-51.) â€Å"These new laws, called â€Å"graduated licensing laws† are catching on all over the world. Six months after its graduated licensing laws went into effect; New Zealand’s driving fatalities for 15-17 year olds dropped by nearly one third. This is how the new graduated licensing laws work: Beginning drivers have to â€Å"graduate† through stages of â€Å"restricted driving† before they are allowed to get their unrestricted adult licenses (Lynn, 49). In Kentucky a prospective driver must be at least 16 years old to get a permit and any licensed driver may provide supervision. Also, a learner’s permit must remain in effect only a month before full licensure. (Ellers, 1B.) In Hartford Connecticut under one bill, teenagers could not obtain learners’ permits or driver licenses until they turn 17 years old. Even after obtaining a license at 17, teenagers could only drive from 6a.m. to 11p.m. until they turn 18. It seems as though most teenagers have the same feelings as Tim Marciniak expresses in this statement, †I just think they keep raising the age because society sees us as corrupt. I think the media portrays us as being negative. It’s always something negative toward teenagers. They never show the good we do, society-wise.... Free Essays on Minimum Driving Age As most may already know, Alabama is considering altering the requirement for attaining a driver’s license. The alteration would mean that all teenagers would have to wait to get their license until they are eighteen, opposed to sixteen. â€Å"According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, 16 year olds are more than 20 times as likely to have a crash as other drivers. For every million miles driven, 16 year olds have 43 crashes. While other a driver over 19 have only 5 crashes. (Lynn, 48-51.) For example, in Europe the driving age is 18, New Jersey makes teenagers wait until 17; six other states allow 14 and 15 year olds to get licenses and 43 other states permit16 year olds to drive alone. (Lynn, 48-51.) â€Å"These new laws, called â€Å"graduated licensing laws† are catching on all over the world. Six months after its graduated licensing laws went into effect; New Zealand’s driving fatalities for 15-17 year olds dropped by nearly one third. This is how the new graduated licensing laws work: Beginning drivers have to â€Å"graduate† through stages of â€Å"restricted driving† before they are allowed to get their unrestricted adult licenses (Lynn, 49). In Kentucky a prospective driver must be at least 16 years old to get a permit and any licensed driver may provide supervision. Also, a learner’s permit must remain in effect only a month before full licensure. (Ellers, 1B.) In Hartford Connecticut under one bill, teenagers could not obtain learners’ permits or driver licenses until they turn 17 years old. Even after obtaining a license at 17, teenagers could only drive from 6a.m. to 11p.m. until they turn 18. It seems as though most teenagers have the same feelings as Tim Marciniak expresses in this statement, †I just think they keep raising the age because society sees us as corrupt. I think the media portrays us as being negative. It’s always something negative toward teenagers. They never show the good we do, society-wise....

TQM Impact on Company Performance Research Paper

TQM Impact on Company Performance - Research Paper Example This research paper evaluates the effectiveness of tactical strategies, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) used for operations management on overall business performance. Tactical Strategies and Operations Management Overall business performance are assessed based on main corporate priorities such as service, employee performance and motivation, competitive advantage, and growth and profits (Milgate, 2004). It is at the tactical management level that various methods, plans, policies, and techniques are designed and are implemented in operations; these will help in achieving the corporate-level strategies and organizational objectives (Lowson, 2002). In fact, strategies at operations level aid in setting short-term objectives for long-term organizational objectives through tactical operations aspirations that will assist in planning resources, technologies, capabilities for routine operations. It is at this level that strategies and their practices for continuous improvement, lear ning and knowledge management, quality focus etc can be entwined with operational methods and practices meant to achieve overall organizational evolution and growth. Role of TQM in Operations Management: Tactical strategies and plans are meant for functional areas, which need to be implemented by the operations managers. Moreover, tactical plans would require modification or reformulation to suit respective functional areas (Smit, 2007). From this perspective, Kumar et al (2009) have highlighted that many researchers emphasize the role of tactical strategies like the TQM on company’s performance; however, their study actually assesses the role of TQM on various different aspects of company’s performance such as financial, operations, employee performance, customer satisfaction, etc. In actual sense, this study attempts to assess the impact of TQM practices on overall company performance and on achieving the overall corporate strategy. Many argue that modified strategie s fail to produce the desired outcome, or are not implemented as required because of incongruence with functional processes, training and understanding issues, inappropriate approaches and inefficient involvement. Advantages and Limitations of TQM: Kumar et al’s (2009) study clearly indicated that tactical strategies such as TQM actually help in improving company performance in terms of employee relations and motivation, products and service quality, customer satisfaction and growth as well as profitability. However, pieces of evidence exist that indicate inefficient outcomes of TQM procedures. For example, Brown, Hitchcock, and Willard (1994) highlighted that when TQM principles are applied for short-term gains, it cannot produce desired outcomes because TQM process is long-term and is time-consuming (Belasen, 2000). Adaptation of TQM is a dynamic process and requires the constant substitution of challenging standards and values. TQM places high expectations on people and re quires highest involvement and ownership form them. Even well-known organizations that adopted TQM have not sustained the results for the longer time.  Ã‚  

Compensation Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compensation Strategy - Essay Example However, any compensation strategy must bear the interest and goals of the company and the employee. As such, to achieve this balance, variant compensation strategies apply uniquely in a given company. This paper highlights and evaluates three compensation strategies that can apply in our manufacturing company. Moreover, it will recommend the modes of applying these compensation strategies while considering the company and employee’s interests. Introduction A compensation strategy refers to the planned utilization of the pay system as a fundamental integrating mechanism geared towards achieving company objectives and rewarding employees subject to limitations within the company (Gomez-Mejia, Berrone, & Franco-Santos, 2010). As the human resources manager in our manufacturing company, I have the mandate of evaluating the different compensation strategies that are available for adoption within our organization. Actually, the best compensation strategy will ensure attraction and retention of critical employees. Our manufacturing company has 120 employees and various compensation strategies can apply to them. The compensation strategies that I will evaluate in this paper include the Competitive strategy, Retention-based strategy, and the performance- based strategy. I will hence compare and contrast them with an aim of applying them in our organization. Indeed, the compensation strategies should be reasonable to both the employees and the company itself (Deb, 2009). I will therefore determine recommendations on how to implement them within our organization. Research findings I have done substantial research on the three compensation strategies and gathered relevant information that can help in the application of these strategies in our manufacturing company. Most specifically, in the competitive strategy, the company pays employees the market rate. On the other hand, in the retention-based strategy, the employees earn more as they stay in the company. Additi onally, in the performance- based strategy, the pay relates to the performance of an employee, the team or the entire organization. Specific findings on each compensation strategy follow here in. Findings on the competitive strategy It is notable that one of the main goals of any company is to remain competitive in the market and where possible gain competitive advantage over other competitors (Kumar, 2010). As such, the competitive strategy seeks to retain existing employees in offering them rewards that equal to industry standards. Additionally, this compensation strategy seeks to attract potential employees by motivating them to join the company as it offers compensation that meets what others in the industry offer (Petroleum Human Resources Council of Canada, 2012). Nevertheless, the competitive strategy offers the reference company no competitive advantage over its competitors since its compensation rates are at par with those of its competitors. Hence, this strategy may not mo tivate employees to remain in the company for a long time. Indeed, this strategy keeps the management at risk of fluctuating wages, as the industry would dictate. As such, where the company cannot keep up with the escalating wages, then there is a high risk of employee turnover. Moreover, the existing employees are at a high risk of leaving the company if another company offers higher rewards than the reference com

Salvador Dali Belief System Essay Example for Free

Salvador Dali Belief System Essay Salvador Dali – Explore and analyse the metamorphosis of Dali’s belief system through his art Salvador Dali was an artist; known not only for his tremendous artistic talent and flamboyant and eccentric personality, but also for the greater meaning he entwined into his art. His contrasting beliefs led to an interesting metamorphosis of his belief system. Dali struggled between religion and science, due to conflicting family influences from his childhood and personal experiences which he would go on to endeavour in life. Dali’s initial works commenced by experimenting specifically with scientific themes and ideas, which can be noted in one his most famous paintings; The Persistence of Memory (1931). However as his life progressed, Dali’s new reincarnated interest in religion, mysticism and metaphysics led him to believe that religion and science co-exist simultaneously, which he portrayed through his artwork. Dali developed conflicting views regarding religion from a very young age. The artist grew up in a household where his mother’s family were devout Catholics; however his father was a firm atheist. Dali’s early views on religion were explicitly expressed in his drawing Sometimes I spit with Pleasure on the Portrait of my Mother (The Sacred Heart) (1929). This abstract themed drawing of what appears to be the silhouette of Jesus Christ is incredibly blasphemous. The hand written â€Å"Parfois Je crache pour plaisir sur la portrait de ma mere â€Å"literally translates to â€Å"Sometimes I spit with pleasure on the portrait of my mother†. The drawing is done in black ink on a plain white canvas. This simple colour scheme proves to be very effective, as it delivers the message very clearly and graphically. However, the simple nature of this particular drawing reflects what artists and literary figures from previous generations would have potentially branded as a â€Å"simple† and â€Å"earthly† mind due to the lack of belief in religion and one’s higher self. The style of writing could almost be associated with the types of print associated with cartoons. This just further reflects the lack of seriousness on Dali’s behalf. On the drawing, the words â€Å"ma mere† are specifically written in a bolder and larger size compared to the rest of the sentence. This effect makes these two words stand out in particular, emphasising Dali’s abhorrence towards his mother’s belief system. The small drawing in the centre of the silhouette with the Christian symbol of the cross represents Dali’s version of â€Å"The Sacred Heart†. This heart which he has drawn appears to be a very deformed heart. According to Christian beliefs, The Sacred Heart is a devotional name used by Catholics to refer to the physical heart of Jesus Christ, as a symbol of divine love. The devotion especially emphasizes the unmitigated love, compassion, and long-suffering of the heart of Christ towards humanity. By illustrating this â€Å"Sacred Heart† as deformed, Dali atrociously insulted his mother’s beliefs. This scandalous portrayal of the priesthood clearly reflects how Dali and his father viewed the priesthood as heavily corrupted, ignorant and hypocritical. The deformed heart reinstates how he thought the Catholic Church had deformed views, beliefs and a deformed lifestyle. Dali was an artist who formed part of the Surrealism movement. In the surrealist period, I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world – the world of the marvellous, of my father Freud. I succeeded in doing it. Today the exterior world – that of physics – has transcended the one of psychology. My father today is Dr Heisenberg† (Salvador Dali, quoted in Elliott H. King, ‘Nuclear Mysticism’, Salvador Dali: Liquid Desire, p. 247). The artists from the surrealist era introduced the theory of the liberation of desire through the invention of techniques that aimed to reproduce the mechanisms of dreams (Centre Pompidou, 2007). From a very young age, Dali was an avaricious learner of science and extensively read many books on geometry, mathematics, optical science, physics and natural history. Dali extensively studied and experimented with the Freudian theories on dreams and the unconscious. Several surrealist artists turned to hypnotism and drugs to delve into the dream world, where they looked for unconscious images that were not available in the conscious world, and Dali was an artist who was known for doing so (Art History Archive, n. d. ). The most famous painting associated with Dali is â€Å"The Persistence of Memory†, which was completed in 1931. This painting perfectly expresses Dali’s intense fascination and interest with the world of science, in particular modern physics. Albert Einstein proved to be a strong influence and inspiration for Dali. Dali’s ubiquitous thirst for science and modern physics naturally drew him to Einstein’s idea of relativity from the early 1900’s. This painting primarily focuses on the theme of time and the idea that time is relative, not fixed. There are three clocks, which appear to be melting, drooping and fluid in movement. These clocks represent that time is irrelevant, especially during sleep. However, the one watch on the desk appears to be normal yet closed, with ants crawling all over it. These ants are a subtle theme in the painting, suggesting that they are drawn to the decaying of time, as if it were â€Å"like rotting flesh† (The Museum of Modern Art). The colour scheme which Dali uses, is a scheme found in many of his other paintings. The use of the earthy colours such as brown, yellow and blue to portray sandy beaches and a slightly rugged coastline, resemble imagery which he had been exposed to as a child in Port Lligat. The use of these earthy colours and scenes of nature in a raw yet calm form brings about a sense of grounding to the painting, which contrasts to the dreamy ideologies which were commonly introduced by Surrealist painters, in particular Dali. In addition, Dali uses contrasting shading and light in this painting. The left half of the painting appears to be under a darker light and shady, whereas the right hand side of the painting appears to be brighter and exposed to sunlight. This subtle detail suggests that these two halves could represent the sub-conscious mind and the conscious mind. In the painting, the drooping, flexible clocks are placed within the darker shaded part of the painting, representing the subconscious mind and the dream world. However, the â€Å"conscious† part of the painting, which appears to be lit by sunlight, suggests that in reality, there is light at the end of the tunnel. This part of the painting also doesn’t enclose any of the clocks, which further emphasises Dali’s belief that in reality, time is definitely relative. Whilst in America during the 1940’s Dali experienced a shift in attitudes and began to reinvent himself. Despite the hatred he had for the Catholic Church during his younger years, Dali found himself exploring and returning to his mother’s belief system. Dali reinvented his art to explore and combine psychology, science and religion. This urge to explore his religious roots came from his research regarding Spanish mystics, who believed that science, art and religion can be expressed and proved as one. During this time, Dali came to know of the mathematician Matila Ghyka, whose works related to the golden mean, a harmonious proportion known to the Ancient Greeks and present in both nature and art. It was through this mathematician, that Dali came to learn of this unique and beautiful proportion. Dali was convinced that Ghyka had solved the problem of geometrical composition and used a transcription of his golden mean composition diagram as an inspiration for many of his compositions ( The Dali Dimension: DVD). Dali incorporated the use of the golden mean in many of his works, such as The Sacrament of the Last Supper (1955). In mathematics and art, two quantities are the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the large quantity is equal to the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller one. This proportion has been used in the form of the â€Å"golden rectangle† since the renaissance era by many artists, and is believed to be the most aesthetically pleasing. Dali was heavily inspired and influenced by artists from the renaissance era and therefore incorporated the golden rectangle in his own works too. The ratio of the dimensions of Dalis painting Sacrament of the Last Supper is equal to the golden ratio. Dali incorporated into the painting a huge dodecahedron (with each side being a pentagon) engulfing the supper table. According to Plato, the dodecahedron was the solid which the god used for embroidering the constellations on the whole heaven, and is intimately related to the golden ratio; both the surface area and the volume of a dodecahedron of unit edge length are simple functions of the golden ratio. In the painting The Sacrament of the Last Supper, Dali uses daring presentation. He successfully modernises a traditional and religious scene. The painting has an intense clarity to it, where the brush stroke artifacts that are barely visible give the image an even more meticulous quality to it. Dali presents Christ without any facial hair, which proves to be an extremely rare portrayal albeit a very effective one which modernises Christ. The use of the chapel like setting through the use of modern architecture removes this scene from an ancient biblical time in history, replacing and bringing it to what possibly could be the present. The three-dimensional effect which Dali incorporates proves to be alluring and only exemplifies the modern feel of the scene this painting. By using the three-dimensional affect, Dali could also be hinting at an ethereal dimension of spirituality. The colour scheme which Dali uses consists mainly of celestial shades of blue and soft hues of gold and white. Dali continues the beautifully spiritual theme with the body of Christ. The body is emphasised by the lack of a head, with his arms stretched over the Apostles symbolising that Christ offered himself up, however the Apostles are a metaphor for the mystical and metaphysical body of Christ. Dali seems to be the perfect match to create a modern-day painting of The Sacrament of the Last Supper, since he seemed to express a genuine understanding of the supernatural whilst having the uncanny ability to successfully merge modern science and religion in his work. Dali’s painting Meditative Rose (1958) charmingly indicates a sense of profound, peaceful serenity and completion in Dali’s life, in particular his relationship with his wife Gala, with whom he had an unconventional yet fulfilling and committed relationship with. The large, beautiful rose is unique and stimulating and provides the main focus of the painting. The rose is synonymous with the female form and is featured as a motif and metaphor for a sexual symbol in many of Dali’s other works. The rose bears a dual symbolism, which could represent Mary the mother of Jesus, as well as Dali’s beloved wife Gala. Dali’s positioning of the huge beautiful red rose hovering in the sky with a couple standing below it, promotes a sense of ambiguity and awe. The style which Dali has used is a unique blend of realism and dream-like fantasy. The tiny drop of water on the rose petal insinuates a realistic feature; however it can also infer a reference to holy water, implying that everyone’s life can have an auspicious element to it. The distinctive Spanish landscape which blends a range of earthy colours such as shades of yellow, orange and brown promote a sense of unity and variety. Dali strongly disliked war and conflict, he painted this painting over a decade after the Second World War had ended; therefore the peaceful qualities of this painting reflect his own personal emotional state as well as the condition of the community too. The rose is known for its medicinal and curing properties and perhaps by using this precious plant a motif, Dali aimed to promote healing through his art work. The journey for Dali to balance the struggle between religion and science proved to be empirical yet highly enriching and beneficial for him. Despite growing up with immense hatred towards Catholicism and religion, Dali turned to Spanish mysticism and metaphysics and proved that science and religion can perfectly complement one another. Through his artwork, his vivid expression along with his meticulous technique and exploration of challenging yet intriguing themes, perfectly show the journey and metamorphosis of his belief system.

The Global Drinking Water Shortage Essay -- Potable Water Scarcity

" We never know the worth of water till the well is dry." -- Thomas Fuller, Gnomologia #5451 (1732) While it is the single most important substance on earth, we usually don’t think about water other than when we’re thirsty. Most homes have at least two indoor faucets. Almost every public building has water fountains conveniently placed for easy, instant refreshment. Water is simple; it’s always there. Yet despite all this convenience, simplicity, and lack of excitement, water is the most essential part of life. Water is part of every step of the life cycle, every food chain and every organism. Perhaps the effort associated with getting a drink of water is too little to bring to our realization the magnitude of water’s significance. After enough contemplation, it begins to seem too good to be true. Perhaps it is. In Ethiopia, famine due to drought claimed 1 million lives in 1984 (Thurow A8). While Ethiopia has the right temperatures for good agriculture, it lacks consistent rainfall, and crops can only be grown through the wettest season. All of this adds up to a lot of starving, thirsty people (A1). When I say â€Å"Nile†, you think â€Å"Egypt†. When I say â€Å"Ethiopia†, you think â€Å"famine.† The Nile River, which brings life into the hot dessert of Egypt, starts in Ethiopia. In fact, 85% of the water in the Nile River comes from tributaries in Ethiopia (Thurow A1). Ethiopia has a wealth of water running through it; why not use that water to grow food for one of the most impoverished parts of the world? Politics. For years, Egypt has str... ...ntal Psychology. 24 (2004): 91-103. Thurow, Roger. â€Å"Ravaged by Famine, Ethiopia Finally Gets Help From the Nile.† Wall Street Journal. 26 November 2003, eastern ed.: A1,A8. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Water-Efficient Landscaping. Washington, D.C.: GPO, September 2002. ---. ---. National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Pollution from Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: GPO, July 2003. ---. General Accounting Office. Water quality [microform] : key EPA and state decisions limited by inconsistent and incomplete data : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives / United States General Accounting Office. Washington, D.C.: GPO, March 2000. Weiss, Rick. â€Å"Threats Posed by Water Scarcity Detailed.† The Washington Post. 5 March 2003: A3. The Global Drinking Water Shortage Essay -- Potable Water Scarcity " We never know the worth of water till the well is dry." -- Thomas Fuller, Gnomologia #5451 (1732) While it is the single most important substance on earth, we usually don’t think about water other than when we’re thirsty. Most homes have at least two indoor faucets. Almost every public building has water fountains conveniently placed for easy, instant refreshment. Water is simple; it’s always there. Yet despite all this convenience, simplicity, and lack of excitement, water is the most essential part of life. Water is part of every step of the life cycle, every food chain and every organism. Perhaps the effort associated with getting a drink of water is too little to bring to our realization the magnitude of water’s significance. After enough contemplation, it begins to seem too good to be true. Perhaps it is. In Ethiopia, famine due to drought claimed 1 million lives in 1984 (Thurow A8). While Ethiopia has the right temperatures for good agriculture, it lacks consistent rainfall, and crops can only be grown through the wettest season. All of this adds up to a lot of starving, thirsty people (A1). When I say â€Å"Nile†, you think â€Å"Egypt†. When I say â€Å"Ethiopia†, you think â€Å"famine.† The Nile River, which brings life into the hot dessert of Egypt, starts in Ethiopia. In fact, 85% of the water in the Nile River comes from tributaries in Ethiopia (Thurow A1). Ethiopia has a wealth of water running through it; why not use that water to grow food for one of the most impoverished parts of the world? Politics. For years, Egypt has str... ...ntal Psychology. 24 (2004): 91-103. Thurow, Roger. â€Å"Ravaged by Famine, Ethiopia Finally Gets Help From the Nile.† Wall Street Journal. 26 November 2003, eastern ed.: A1,A8. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Water-Efficient Landscaping. Washington, D.C.: GPO, September 2002. ---. ---. National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Pollution from Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: GPO, July 2003. ---. General Accounting Office. Water quality [microform] : key EPA and state decisions limited by inconsistent and incomplete data : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives / United States General Accounting Office. Washington, D.C.: GPO, March 2000. Weiss, Rick. â€Å"Threats Posed by Water Scarcity Detailed.† The Washington Post. 5 March 2003: A3.

Hard to Be Fair

BEST PRACTICE Everyone knows that being fair costs little and pays off handsomely. Then why do so few executives manage to behave fairly, even though most want to? Why It’s So Hard to Be Fair by Joel Brockner W hen Company A had to downsize,it spent considerable amounts of money providing a safety net for its laid-off workers. The severance package consisted of many weeks of pay, extensive outplacement counseling, and the continuation of health insurance for up to one year. But senior managers never explained to their staff why these layoffs were necessary or how they chose which jobs to eliminate.What’s more, the midlevel line managers who delivered the news to terminated employees did so awkwardly, mumbling a few perfunctory words about â€Å"not wanting to do this† and then handing them off to the human resources department. Even the people who kept their jobs were less than thrilled about the way things were handled. Many of them heard the news while driving home on Friday and had to wait until Monday to learn that their jobs were secure. Nine months later, the company continued to sputter.Not only did it have to absorb enormous legal costs defending against wrongful termination suits, but it also had to make another round of layoffs, in large part because employee productivity and morale plummeted after the ? rst round was mishandled. When Company B downsized, by contrast, it didn’t offer nearly as generous a severance package. But senior managers there explained the strategic purpose of the layoffs multiple times before they were implemented, and executives and middle managers alike made themselves available to answer questions and express regret both to those who lost their jobs and to those who remained.Line managers worked with HR to tell people that their jobs were being eliminated, and they exharvard business review 122 pressed genuine concern while doing so. As a result, virtually none of the laid-off employees ? led a wr ongful termination lawsuit. Workers took some time to adjust to the loss of their former colleagues, but they understood why the layoffs had happened. And within nine months, Company B’s performance was better than it had been before the layoffs occurred.Although Company A spent much more money during its restructuring, Company B exhibited much greater process fairness. In other words, employees at Company B believed that they had been treated justly. From minimizing costs to strengthening performance, process fairness pays enormous dividends in a wide variety of organizational and people-related challenges. Studies show that when managers practice process fairness, their employees march 2006 respond in ways that bolster the organization’s bottom line both directly and indirectly.Process fairness is more likely to generate support for a new strategy, for instance, and to foster a culture that promotes innovation. What’s more, it costs little ? nancially to imple ment. In short, fair process makes great business sense. So why don’t more companies practice it consistently? This article examines that paradox and offers advice on how to promote greater process fairness in your organization. The Business Case for Fair Process Ultimately, each employee decides for him or herself whether a decision has been made fairly.But broadly speaking, there are three drivers of process fairness. One is how much input employees believe they have in the decision- making process: Are their opinions requested and given serious consideration? Another is how employees believe decisions are made and implemented: Are they consistent? Are they based on accurate information? Can mistakes be corrected? Are the personal biases of the decision maker minimized? Is ample advance notice given? Is the decision process transparent? The third factor is how managers behave: Do they explain why a decision was made?Do they treat employees respectfully, actively listening t o their concerns and empathizing with their points of view? It’s worth noting that process fairness is distinct from outcome fairness, which refers to employees’ judgments of the bottom-line results of their exchanges with their employers. Process fairness doesn’t ensure that employees will always get what they want; but it does 123 OLEG DERGACHOV B E S T P R A C T I C E †¢ W h y I t’s S o H a rd t o B e Fa i r mean that they will have a chance to be heard.Take the case of an individual who was passed over for a promotion. If he believes that the chosen candidate was quali? ed, and if his manager has had a candid discussion with him about how he can be better prepared for the next opportunity, chances are he’ll be a lot more productive and engaged than if he believes the person who got the job was the boss’s pet, or if he received no guidance on how to move forward. When people feel hurt by their companies, they tend to retaliate. And w hen they do, it can have grave consequences.A study of nearly 1,000 people in the mid-1990s, led by Duke’s Allan Lind and Ohio State’s Jerald Greenberg, found that a major determinant of whether employees sue for wrongful termination is their perception of how fairly the termination process was carried out. Only 1% of ex-employees who felt that they were treated with a high degree of process fairness ? led a wrongful termination lawsuit versus 17% of those who believed they were treated with a low degree of process fairness. To put that in monetary terms, the expected cost savings of practicing process fairness is $1. 8 million for every 100 employees dismissed. That ? gure–which was calculated using the 1988 rate of $80,000 as the cost of legal defense – is a conservative estimate, since in? ation alone has caused legal fees to swell to more than $120,000 today. So, although we can’t calculate the precise ? nancial cost of practicing fair process, it’s safe to say that expressing genuine concern and treating dismissed employees with dignity is a good deal more affordable than not doing so. Customers, too, are less likely to ? le suit against a service provider if they believe they’ve been treated with process fairness.In 1997, medical researcher Wendy Levinson and her colleagues found that patients typically do not sue their doctors for malpractice simply Joel Brockner ([email  protected] edu) is the Phillip Hettleman Professor of Business at Columbia Business School in New York. 124 because they believe that they received poor medical care. A more telling factor is whether the doctor took the time to explain the treatment plan and to answer the patient’s questions with consideration – in short, to treat patients with process fairness.Doctors who fail to do so are far more likely to be slapped with malpractice suits when problems arise. In addition to reducing legal costs, fair process cuts down on employee theft and turnover. A study by management and human resources professor Greenberg examined how pay cuts were Using process fairness, companies could spend a lot less money and still have more satis? ed employees. handled at two manufacturing plants. At one, a vice president called a meeting at the end of the workweek and announced that the company would implement a 15% pay cut, across the board, for ten weeks.He very brie? y explained why, thanked employees, and answered a few questions – the whole thing was over in 15 minutes. The other plant implemented an identical pay cut, but the company president made the announcement to the employees. He told them that other cost-saving options, like layoffs, had been considered but that the pay cuts seemed to be the least unpalatable choice. The president took an hour and a half to address employees’ questions and concerns, and he repeatedly expressed regret about having to take this step.Greenberg found that durin g the ten-week period, employee theft was nearly 80% lower at the second plant than at the ? rst, and employees were 15 times less likely to resign. Many executives turn to money ? rst to solve problems. But my research shows that companies can reduce ex- penses by routinely practicing process fairness. Think about it: Asking employees for their opinions on a new initiative or explaining to someone why you’re giving a choice assignment to her colleague doesn’t cost much money. Of course, companies should continue to offer tangible assistance to employees as well.Using process fairness, however, companies could spend a lot less money and still have more satis? ed employees. Consider the ? nancial fallout that occurs when expatriates leave their overseas assignments prematurely. Conventional wisdom says that expats are more likely to leave early when they or their family members don’t adjust well to their new living conditions. So companies often go to great expen se to facilitate their adjustment – picking up the tab for housing costs, children’s schooling, and the like.In a 2000 study of 128 expatriates, human resources consultant Ron Garonzik, Rutgers Business School professor Phyllis Siegel, and I found that the expats’ adjustment to various aspects of their lives outside work had no effect on their intentions to depart prematurely if they believed that their bosses generally treated them fairly. In other words, high process fairness induced expats to stick with an overseas assignment even when they were not particularly enthralled with living abroad. In a similar vein, some companies have devised expensive solutions to help employees cope with the stress of modern work.They’ve set up on-site day care centers and sponsored stress management workshops to help reduce absenteeism and burnout. Those efforts are laudable, but process fairness is also an effective strategy. When Phyllis Siegel and I surveyed nearly 3 00 employees from dozens of organizations, we found that work/life con? ict had no measurable effect on employees’ commitment– as long as they felt that senior executives provided good reasons for their decisions and treated them with dignity and respect. Of course, executives should not simply emphasize process fairness over tanharvard business reviewW h y I t’s S o H a rd t o B e Fa i r †¢ B E S T P R A C T I C E gible support. Determining exactly how much tangible support to provide is perhaps best captured by the law of diminishing returns. Beyond a moderate level of ? nancial assistance, practicing process fairness proves much more cost effective because, although money does talk, it doesn’t say it all. Fair Process as a Performance Booster Process fairness can not only minimize costs but can also help to increase value, inspiring operational managers to carry out a well-founded strategic plan eagerly or embrace, rather than sabotage, an organiz ational change.This form of value is less tangible than direct reduction of expenses, but it affects the bottom line nonetheless. The fact is, most strategic and organizational change initiatives fail in their implementation, not in their conception. Several years ago, I worked with the CEO of a ? nancial services institution that needed a major restructuring. The bank’s operational managers, however, were showing signs of resistance that threatened to stop the process dead in its tracks. I advised the CEO and his senior management team to conduct several town hall–type meetings and to hold informal focus groups with the operational managers.During those senior managers to respond to the root problem. Moreover, since the operational managers felt respected, they showed a similar level of process fairness with their direct reports during the actual restructuring, making the change go more smoothly. Michael Beer, of Harvard Business School, and Russell Eisenstat, preside nt of the Center for Organizational Fitness, recently provided evidence of how systematically practiced process fairness (embedded in an action-learning egy implementation as well as the shortcomings that could hinder it.Task force members distill the information they gain from these interviews into major themes and feed them back to senior management. Then they discuss how the strategy could be rolled out most effectively. SFP is a model for process fairness: More than 25 companies – including Becton, Dickinson; Honeywell; JPMorgan Chase; Hewlett-Packard; and Merck – have used it with great success to hone the substance of their strategic initiatives and, probably more important, to gain employees’ commitment to making those initiatives happen.Most companies say that they want to promote creativity and innovation, but few use process fairness to achieve those ends. They’re missing out on a great opportunity to create value. Harvard Business School profes sor Teresa Amabile has conducted extensive research on employees working in creative endeavors in order to understand how work environments foster or impede creativity and innovation. She has consistently found that work environments in which employees have a high degree of operational autonomy lead to the highest degree of creativity and innovation.Operational autonomy, of course, can be seen as the extreme version of process fairness. When employees feel that they are heard in the decision-making process, they are more likely to support–rather than merely comply with– those decisions, their bosses, and the organization as a whole. talks, it became clear that the managers felt that the CEO and senior executives failed to appreciate the magnitude of the change they were asking for. Interestingly, the managers didn’t request additional resources; they simply wanted those at the top to recognize their dif? ult plight. By expressing authentic interest, senior execu tives created a trusting environment in which managers felt they could safely voice their true objections to the change effort. That enabled march 2006 methodology known as the strategic ? tness process, or SFP) has helped numerous organizations capture value by getting employees to buy in to strategies. A critical element of SFP is the appointment of a task force consisting of eight well-respected managers from one or two levels below senior management.Their job is to interview roughly 100 employees from different parts of the company to learn about the organizational strengths that are apt to facilitate strat- The nature of organizations, though, means that few (if any) employees can have complete operational autonomy – just about everyone has a boss. Creativity and innovation tend to suffer in work environments characterized by low levels of process fairness, such as when employees believe that the organization is strictly controlled by upper management or when they believ e that their ideas will be summarily dismissed. When employees believe that 125B E S T P R A C T I C E †¢ W h y I t’s S o H a rd t o B e Fa i r their supervisor is open to new ideas and that he or she values their contributions to projects, however, creativity and innovation are more likely to ? ourish. Two examples illustrate how process fairness creates value by attracting innovative employees or additional customers. The CEO of a renowned electricalengineering ? rm, for instance, wanted to change the corporate culture to be more receptive to new ideas, so he separated a large group of workers into teams of ten, asking each team to come up with ten ideas for improving the business.Then the team leaders were brought into a room where the company’s executives were gathered and were asked to â€Å"sell† as many of their team’s ideas as possible. The executives, for their part, had been instructed to â€Å"buy†as many ideas as possible. The team leaders swarmed like bees to honey to the few executives who had reputations for being good listeners and open to new ideas. The other executives stood by idly because team leaders assumed from past experience that they wouldn’t listen. One company that used process fairness to create value is Progressive Casualty Insurance.In 1994, the ? rm began to give potential customers comparison rates from two competitors along with its own quotes for auto insurance. Even though Progressive’s rates weren’t always the lowest, the very act of delivering this information created goodwill. Potential customers felt that they were being treated honestly, and the practice drew many new sales. servant, Winston S. Churchill. † After being castigated by his countrymen for the letter’s deferential tone, Churchill is said to have retorted, â€Å"When you have to kill a man, it costs nothing to be polite. In a change management seminar I’ve taught to more than 40 0 managers, I ask participants to rate themselves on how well they plan and implement organizational change. I also ask the managers’ bosses, peers, direct reports, and customers to rate them. The measure ers were â€Å"lucky enough to still have their jobs. † But economically supporting those who lost their jobs doesn’t cancel out the need to show process fairness to those affected by the change–which, incidentally, includes everyone.Ironically, the fact that process fairness is relatively inexpensive ? nancially may be why this numbers-oriented executive undervalued it. Another reason process fairness may be overlooked is because some of its bene? ts aren’t obvious to executives. Instead of wrestling with uncomfortable emotions, many managers ? nd it easier to sidestep the issue– and the people affected by it–altogether. contains more than 30 items, and managers consistently give themselves the highest marks on the item that measure s process fairness: â€Å"When managing change, I ake extra efforts to treat people with dignity and respect. † Those rating them, however, are not nearly as positive. In fact, this is the only item in which managers’ self-assessments are signi? cantly higher than the ratings they receive from each of their groups. It’s not entirely clear why this perceptual gap exists. Perhaps managers are tuned in to their intentions to treat others respectfully, but they aren’t as good at reading how those intentions come across to others. Or maybe it’s just wishful – and self-serving – thinking.Some managers wrongly believe that tangible resources are always more meaningful to employees than being treated decently. At a cocktail party, the CEO of a major international bank proudly told me about the hefty severance pay his company gave to its laid-off employees. I expressed admiration for his organization’s show of concern toward the people who lost their jobs and then asked what had been done for those who remained. Somewhat defensively, he said that it was only necessary to do something for the employees who were â€Å"affected† by the layoffs.The othSocial psychologist Marko Elovainio of the University of Helsinki and his colleagues recently conducted a study of more than 31,000 Finnish employees, examining the relationship between employees’ negative life events (such as the onset of a severe illness or death of a spouse) and the frequency of sicknessrelated absences from work for the subsequent 30 months. The study showed that the tendency for negative life events to translate into sickness-related absences depended on how much process fairness employees experienced before the events occurred.That is, not being pretreated with process fairness led to absences waiting to happen. Sometimes corporate policies hinder fair process. The legal department may discourage managers from explaining their decisio ns, for instance, on the grounds that disclosure of information could make the company vulnerable to lawsuits. Better not to say anything at all, the thinking goes, than to risk having the information come back to haunt the organization in the courtroom. Clearly, legal considerations about what to communicate are important, but they should not be taken to unnecessary extremes.All too often organizations withhold information (such as the alternatives to downsizing that have harvard business review Why Isn’t Everybody Doing It? With all that process fairness has going for it, one might expect that executives would practice it regularly. Unfortunately, many (if not most) don’t. They’d do well to follow the example of Winston Churchill, who keenly understood the cost-effectiveness of process fairness. On the day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Churchill wrote a declaration of war to the Japanese, ending it as follows: â€Å"I have the honour to be, with high con sideration, Sir, Your obedient 126W h y I t’s S o H a rd t o B e Fa i r †¢ B E S T P R A C T I C E been considered) when revealing it would have done far more good. Legal and medical advocates in Hawaii, for instance, are currently drafting a statute that would allow health care professionals to apologize for medical errors without increasing the risk of lawsuits. Doctors often refrain from apologizing for mistakes because they fear that admitting them will anger their patients, who will then be more likely to ? le malpractice suits. In fact, the opposite is true: Patients who feel they’ve been treated disrespectfully ? e more malpractice suits than those who feel they have been treated with dignity. By making apologies for medical mistakes inadmissible during a trial, the law would let doctors express regrets without worrying that doing so would hurt them in court. Managers who unwaveringly believe that knowledge is power may fear that engaging in process fairnes s will weaken their power. After all, if employees have a voice in deciding how things should be run, who needs a manager? Managers sometimes do run the risk of losing power when they involve others in decision making.But usually the practice of process fairness increases power and in? uence. When employees feel that they are heard in the decision-making process, they are more likely to support– rather than merely comply with – those decisions, their bosses, and the organization as a whole. The desire to avoid uncomfortable situations is another reason managers fail to practice process fairness. As Robert Folger of the University of Central Florida has suggested, managers who plan and implement tough decisions often experience con? icting emotions. They might want to approach the affected parties out of sympathy and to explain the hinking behind a decision, but the desire to avoid them is also strong. Andy Molinsky at Brandeis University and Harvard Business Schoolâ₠¬â„¢s Joshua Margolis analyzed why managers ? nd it so hard to perform necessary evils (such as laying off employees and delivering other bad news) with interpersonal sensitivity, which is an important element of process fairness. Leaders in this situation have to manage their own internal dramas, including feelings of guilt (for, say, making poor strategic decisions that led to the downsizing) and anxiety (about having suf? ient interpersonal sensitivity to accomplish the task gracefully). Instead of wrestling with those uncomfortable emotions, many managers ? nd it easier to sidestep the issue–and the people affected by it– altogether. â€Å"Emotional contagion† also comes into play in these situations. Just as we tend to laugh when we see others laugh, even when we don’t know why, we also involuntarily feel anxious or sad when those around us feel that way – and that’s uncomfortable. No wonder so many managers avoid people in emotional pa in. Unfortunately, such avoidance makes it very unlikely that they will practice process fairness.Breadth. Depth. Performance. Leadership. Tuck Executive Program July 22–August 11 Leading high-potential and senior executives to new levels of business performance Gateway to Business Management April 30–May 5 & November 12-17 Delivering skills and perspective functional managers need for advancement Finance Essentials for Senior Managers September 10–15 Offering greater accountability and transparency in your organization New Branding Imperatives May 7–9 Presenting strategies for maximizing brand equity and competitive positioning www. tuck. dartmouth. edu/exec 603-646-2839 tuck. xec. [email  protected] edu B E S T P R A C T I C E †¢ W h y I t’s S o H a rd t o B e Fa i r I can understand how managers feel. Several years ago, I was working with a telecommunications organization after the ? rst layoffs in the company’s history. The CEO an d his senior management team wanted me to talk to the midlevel managers about how the layoffs would affect the people who remained and what they could do to help their direct reports â€Å"get over it. † Feeling betrayed and fearful, however, the midlevel managers were in no mood to help others return to business as usual. They identi? d me with the problem and implied that I was partly responsible for the decision to downsize. That was a moment of real insight for me: Trying to counsel this unhappy and suspicious group, I completely understood the discomfort that managers experience when they’re called on to act compassionately toward people who feel aggrieved. It was much harder than I expected. The senior managers of the company admitted to me that they were tempted to avoid the rank and ? le – partly out of guilt and partly because they doubted whether they would be able to keep a cool enough head to practice process fairness.That’s a natural response , but ignoring negative emotions only keeps them swirling around longer. When senior managers made themselves more accessible to their workforce, employees reacted positively, and the organization developed a renewed sense of purpose. ter able to cope with (and hence not act on) their negative emotions. Furthermore, managers are more likely to endure a dif? cult process when they know that the effort will have a tangible payoff. But it’s not enough for managers to be vaguely aware that process fairness is cost effective. Corporate executives should educate them about all the ? nancial bene? ts, using charts and ? ures, just as they would when making a business case for other important organizational initiatives. Invest in training. Study after study has shown that fair-process training can make a big difference. Subordinates of the trained managers, for instance, are When I was working with an executive at a utility company several years ago, for example, I noticed that she m ade a common mistake: She didn’t tell others that she had seriously considered their opinions before making her decisions, even though she had. I advised her to preface her explanations by saying explicitly that she had â€Å"given their input some serious thought. Six months later, she told me my advice had been priceless. She learned that it’s not enough for executives just to be fair, they also have to be seen as fair. Training is most effective when it’s delivered in several installments rather than all at once. For example, one suc- It’s not enough for executives just to be fair; they also have to be seen as fair. Toward Process Fairness Companies can take several steps to make fair process the norm. Address the knowledge gaps. Managers need to be warned about the negative emotions they might experience when practicing fair process.Merely acknowledging that it is legitimate to feel like ? eeing the scene can help managers withstand the impulse to do so. Studies have shown that people can tolerate negative experiences more easily when they expect them. Just as forewarned surgical patients have been found to experience less postoperative pain, forewarned managers may be bet128 not only signi? cantly less likely to steal or to resign from the organization, but they are also more likely to go the extra mile – aiding coworkers who have been absent, helping orient new employees, assisting supervisors with their duties, and working overtime.Several studies by Jerald Greenberg have even found that employees whose managers underwent process fairness training suffered signi? cantly less insomnia when coping with stressful work conditions. Daniel Skarlicki, of the University of British Columbia’s Sauder School of Business, and Gary Latham, of the University of Toronto’s Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, have identi? ed some factors of an effective process fairness training program. Participants respond better to active guidance than to a lecture on the bene? ts of improved process fairness.That’s why it’s particularly effective to give trainees speci? c instructions on what they need to do and how they need to do it, such as how to detect resistance to a new strategic initiative. After the participants have practiced these behaviors, give them feedback and let them try again. cessful program consisted of a two-hour session each week for eight weeks, along with assigned role-playing homework. That way, participants could receive feedback from instructors during the formal training sessions and from their peers in between meetings.As with most constructive feedback, referring to behaviors (â€Å"You never explained why you made this decision†) rather than to traits (â€Å"You came across as condescending†) proved to be most compelling. Both the process and the outcome of the training need to be communicated to participants – but not at the same time. Before the sessions begin, focus on the outcome. Participants are likely to be far more engaged if they are told that the program will help them gain their employees’ commitment to strategy implementation than if they are told it will help them communicate that they’ve seriously considered other people’s points of view.During the course, however, focus on process. Thinking about expected outcomes (improved strategy implementation, for instance) can distract people from learning the speci? c practical skills they need (such harvard business review as how to involve people in decision making) to achieve the desired results. Finally, it is important for trainees to maintain expectations that are both optimistic and realistic. Once again, the distinction between outcome and process is useful to keep in mind.You can generate optimism by focusing on the outcomes: Touting the improvements that previous trainees have made should help people feel positive about their own chanc es for growth. And you can inject realism by focusing on the process: Behavioral change is dif? cult and rarely takes a linear course. Trainees shouldn’t expect to get better at process fairness day by day; but, if they keep working at it, they will improve. I suggest trainees ask themselves three months after the program if they are practicing process fairness more on average than they were three months prior to it.Conducting after-action reviews also helps managers continue to hone their skills long after the training sessions are over. Make process fairness a top priority. Like most managerial behaviors, the practice of process fairness must begin at the top. When senior managers explain why they have made certain strategic decisions, make themselves available for honest two-way communication with the rank and ? le, involve employees in decision making, provide ample advance notice of change, and treat people’s concerns with respect, the practice of process fairness is likely to spread like wild? e throughout the rest of the organization. By modeling process fairness, senior management does more than communicate organizational values; it also sends a message about â€Å"the art of the possible. † People are more likely to try to tackle dif? cult challenges when they see others whom they respect doing so. In one company that was trying to implement a much-needed restructuring, senior executives effectively served as role models not only by describing the mixed feelings they had about practicing process fairness but also by articulating the process they went through that ultimately convinced them to do march 2006 o. The message they sent was that it was legitimate for operational managers to have mixed emotions, but, at the end of the day, the reasons in favor of practicing process fairness prevailed. In addition to acting as role models, senior managers may communicate the value they place on process fairness by making its practice a leg itimate topic of conversation throughout the organization. I worked with one company, for example, that selected its employee of the month based on process fairness skills as well as bottom-line results.Other organizations have made managers’ annual pay raises partly dependent on 360-degree feedback about how they plan and implement decisions, in which perceptions of process fairness ? gure prominently. Recent corporate scandals show that giving workforces outcome-only directives (â€Å"I don’t care how you get there, just get there†) can be disastrous. Forwardthinking organizations care not only about the outcomes their managers produce but also about the fairness of the process they use to achieve them. This is not a call for micromanagement.Just as there is usually more than one way to produce ? nancial results, there is more than one way to involve people in decision making, to communicate why certain actions are being undertaken, and to express thoughtfulne ss and concern. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ There is a moral imperative for companies to practice process fairness. It is, simply put, the right thing to do. As such, process fairness is the responsibility of all executives, at all levels, and in all functions; it cannot be delegated to HR. But with that moral responsibility comes business opportunity.An executive must minimize the costs of decisions that might threaten employees and maximize the bene? ts of decisions that may be sources of opportunity for them. In both instances, practicing process fairness will help get you there. The sooner you realize it, the better off you and your company will be. Reprint R0603H To order, see page 151. â€Å"A new, surprising, and authoritative take on an important aspect of modern society that most people just don’t know about. † Toby Lester, Deputy Managing Editor, The Atlantic Monthly Fred Reichheld is the godfather of customer loyalty. His new book, The Ultimate Question, continues to push the envelope with innovative, practical ideas. † John Donahoe, President, eBay Marketplace â€Å"Perceptive analysis brought to life by references to real people and real situations. † Kieran C. Poynter, Chairman, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLp AVAILABLE WHEREVER BOOKS ARE SOLD, INCLUDING: 5th Ave. & 46th St. , NYC Rockefeller Center 5th Ave. & 48th St. , NYC HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PRESS www. HBSPress. org